Characteristics of Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus bisporus, commonly known as the white button mushroom, is a species of edible fungus that thrives in grassy environments and prefers moderate to low temperatures. China has abundant straw and wheat straw resources, along with a climate suitable for its growth, making it a promising crop for development.
Nutritionally, Agaricus bisporus is a saprophytic organism that cannot perform photosynthesis. When preparing the growing medium, it's important to mix farmyard manure (like cow, sheep, pig, or chicken dung) with straw. Additionally, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and sulfur should be added in appropriate amounts. A well-balanced formula is crucial for achieving high yields.
Temperature plays a vital role in its growth. Mycelium grows best between 4°C and 32°C, with an ideal range of 22°C to 25°C. The fruiting bodies develop between 5°C and 25°C, ideally at 14°C to 18°C.
Moisture levels must be carefully controlled. The culture material should have around 60% moisture, while the cover soil should maintain 16%-20%. During mycelium growth, the air humidity should be 60%-70%, and during fruiting, 85%-95%. Too much or too little moisture can hinder growth.
pH is also essential. Agaricus bisporus prefers slightly alkaline conditions, with an optimal range of 7-8. The culture material should be adjusted to 7.5-8 before use, and the cover soil should be around 8-8.5. Adding a small amount of lime after each harvest helps maintain the pH and suppress bacterial growth.
As an aerobic fungus, Agaricus bisporus requires good ventilation. While light is not necessary for growth, excessive exposure can lead to hardened mushrooms and deformities, reducing their market value.
Fresh mushrooms are best consumed immediately, but they can also be canned for export. Large-scale production requires deep processing to avoid spoilage and economic loss.
Agaricus bisporus is highly nutritious, with protein content ranging from 35% to 38%, making it significantly more nutritious than many vegetables and fruits. It is often called "health food" and is popular both domestically and internationally. In Linquan County, Anhui Province, farmers using straw and cow dung have achieved great success in cultivating this mushroom. Investment per square meter varies, and the yield is profitable when sold at around 6-8 yuan per kilogram.
Value and Benefits
This mushroom is not only rich in nutrients but also offers medicinal benefits. Its high nutritional value makes it a favorite among consumers. Farmers who grow it report significant returns, especially when processed for sale.
Preparing cow dung involves drying it naturally in sunny areas. Once dried, it can be stored in bags to prevent mold. Proper drying methods depend on local conditions and seasonal changes.
General Operation Process
Building a mushroom shed depends on scale and budget. Options include simple sheds, plastic greenhouses, old house conversions, standard mushroom houses, or enterprise-level setups. Each type has different investment and operational requirements.
1, Simple Shed Type:
Description: Suitable for small-scale experiments, 100-200 square meters, with an investment of about 3,000 yuan.
Step 1: Use existing vegetable sheds without scaffolding.
Step 2: Prepare materials in August, compost at high temperature, no secondary fermentation.
Step 3: Purchase spawn in early September and sow accordingly.
2, Plastic Greenhouse Type:
Description: For experimental planting, about 500 square meters, costing around 20,000 yuan.
Step 1: Convert existing greenhouses for cultivation.
Step 2: Prepare materials in August, use secondary fermentation.
Step 3: Sow in early September.
3, Old House Conversion:
Description: Using old buildings for cultivation, investment per square meter is about 30 yuan.
Step 1: Set up scaffolds in abandoned structures.
Step 2: Prepare materials and use secondary fermentation.
Step 3: Sow in September.
4, Standard Mushroom Shed:
Description: A structured and large-scale model.
Step 1: Hire technicians for planning.
Step 2: Prepare materials and use secondary fermentation.
Step 3: Cultivate spawn and sow in September.
5, Enterprise Production:
Description: Suitable for large projects with stable funding.
Step 1: Plan and manage production.
Step 2: Mechanize stocking and prepare materials.
Step 3: Control temperature year-round.
Second, the formula and composition of culture materials
1, 100 square meters of mushroom preparation recipe standards vary depending on location and resource availability. A typical formula includes 3,000 kg of cow dung, 5,000 kg of straw, 200 kg of phosphate fertilizer, 150 kg of gypsum, 10 kg of urea, 150 kg of lime, and 200 kg of cake fat. No special fertilizer is needed.
2, Composting involves pre-stacking straw and cow dung, then building a heap with layers of straw, dung, and fertilizers. Turning the pile every few days ensures even decomposition.
3, Fermentation takes about 25 days. The compost should be dark brown, moist, and free of ammonia smell. It should be loose and finely divided.
Third, into the shed sowing
Lay a layer of straw, spread the compost evenly, and fumigate with potassium permanganate and formaldehyde. After cooling, sow the spawn and gently press it into the material.
Fourth, after the cover soil
Keep humidity at 80% for the first three days. After 15 days, cover with soil to encourage fruiting. The cover soil should be 2.5-3.5 cm thick.
Fifth, after the cover of the management
Maintain soil moisture at 80%-90% and keep the temperature between 13°C and 20°C. Regular watering and temperature control are essential for quality and yield.
Sixth, timely harvest
Harvest when the mushrooms reach 2-4 cm in diameter. Pick them by rotating gently and cutting the roots. After harvesting, fill the holes and spray a nutrient solution to promote further growth.
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Test Method: HPLC
Extraction type: Liquid-Solid Extraction
Shelf life: 2 years
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