ã€1】 Pathogenic bacteria causing Blackhead disease, also known as bacterial brown spot, are primarily *Pseudomonas* species, which belong to the class of Gram-negative bacteria. These rod-shaped bacteria form white colonies on agar and show a negative reaction in Gram staining. The disease is commonly associated with mushrooms such as *Flammulina velutipes*, oyster mushrooms, and other edible fungi.
[2] Disease symptoms: Bacterial brown spot is a serious bacterial infection that leads to brown rot in mushrooms, significantly affecting yield and quality. The bacteria typically infect only the outer layers of the fruiting bodies, not penetrating deeply into the flesh. Early signs include small yellow or brown spots on the cap surface, which later develop into dark brown, sunken lesions. Lesions may appear round, oval, or irregular, gradually deepening in color. In severe cases, large patches of discolored areas may merge, causing light-colored mushrooms to turn yellow and darker ones to become slimy. Under wet conditions, a thin layer of bacterial film may form on the lesion surface, leading to an unpleasant odor. When dry, the caps may crack, resulting in asymmetrical fruiting bodies. The overall shape of the mushroom remains largely unchanged, but the presence of lesions can cause aesthetic damage. In *Flammulina* species, the lesions are dark brown, with a gray center when wet and a sunken appearance when dry. On the stem, lesions appear rhombic, brown, and may have a roten-like texture, with the outer part being darker. In advanced stages, lesions may merge across the entire stem, causing it to lose its upright structure, produce mucus, and eventually turn dark brown or even rot. This disease mainly affects mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, and *Flammulina* species.
[3] Occurrence conditions: The internal cause of the disease is the lack of resistance in the host species. Externally, high temperature and humidity, along with unclean water, can introduce the bacteria to the fruiting bodies. Prolonged moisture on the cap surface, poor ventilation, and moderate temperatures all contribute to the development of the disease. High humidity, in particular, creates ideal conditions for bacterial growth and spread.
ã€4】 Control measures: 1. Maintain cleanliness in the mushroom growing area by promptly removing waste and old mushrooms. All equipment, including mushroom houses, beds, and tools, should be thoroughly disinfected using a 1:50 dilution of Venus disinfectant or 2% bleaching powder before use. Special attention should be given to areas where previous infections occurred. 2. During substrate preparation, ensure proper mold inhibition by diluting the antifungal agent at a ratio of 1:1000. Avoid using high-toxicity or high-residue agents to protect both the environment and the final product. 3. Ensure thorough sterilization of the cultivation medium and complete fermentation of the substrate to promote even decomposition. Formaldehyde fumigation can be used as an additional step to enhance hygiene. 4. For *Flammulina velutipes*, maintain a room temperature below 15°C to avoid growing during hot and humid seasons. At higher temperatures, improve ventilation and cooling. The mushroom temperature should not exceed 18°C. If a sudden temperature rise occurs, take immediate cooling measures such as opening windows, removing covers, or shading. However, avoid drastic temperature fluctuations to prevent condensation and the formation of water films. 5. Upon detection of the disease, increase ventilation, reduce misting, and lower the temperature quickly. Apply appropriate treatments, such as spraying a 5% lime water solution, 100-200 units/mL of streptomycin, 300 units/mL of oxytetracycline, or a 500-1000-fold dilution of bleaching solution. Apply every two days, with a one-day interval between applications. Repeat the treatment for more than three times to effectively control the disease. In severe cases, remove the infected mushrooms, clean the substrate surface, or cover the soil before applying the treatment as described above. Additionally, farmers can consult with local experts or contact the disinfectant factory in Suizhou City, Hubei Province, for further assistance and access to the required pharmaceutical materials.
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