ã€1】 Pathogenic bacteria causing Blackhead disease, also known as bacterial brown spot, belong to the genus Pseudomonas and are classified under the class of Schizosaccharomyces. These bacteria are rod-shaped and form white colonies on agar. Gram staining reveals a negative reaction, which is an important characteristic for identification.
[2] Disease Symptoms: Bacterial brown spot is a bacterial infection that causes brown rot in mushrooms, significantly affecting production. The bacteria typically infect only the surface tissues of the fruiting bodies and do not penetrate deep into the flesh. In the early stages of infection, small yellow or brown discolored areas appear on the cap's surface, gradually darkening into sunken lesions. These lesions are round, oval, or irregular in shape, with progressively darker coloration. Adjacent patches may lead to light-colored mushrooms turning yellow and dark ones developing a slimy appearance. Under wet conditions, a thin layer of bacterial film may form on the lesion surface, causing an unpleasant odor. When dry, the caps crack, resulting in asymmetrical mushroom shapes. While the overall shape remains largely unchanged, the surface becomes discolored. In Flammulina species, the lesions appear dark brown, with a gray center when wet and a partially sunken appearance when dry. Lesions on the stem are rhombic and brown, often with a roten-like texture. In severe cases, the lesions merge across the entire stem, making it brown, weak, and unable to stand upright. Mucous secretion may occur, eventually leading to full discoloration or rot. This pathogen primarily affects mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, and other edible fungi.
[3] Occurrence Conditions: The internal cause of the disease is the lack of resistance in the host. Externally, high temperature, high humidity, or contaminated water can introduce the bacteria to the fruiting bodies. For instance, prolonged moisture on the cap surface or excessive humidity greatly promotes disease development. Poor ventilation can worsen the situation, while moderate temperatures favor bacterial growth.
ã€4】 Control Measures:
1. Maintain cleanliness in the mushroom field by promptly removing spent mushrooms and waste. Before use, all mushroom houses, bed frames, and tools must be thoroughly disinfected using a 1:50 dilution of Venus disinfectant or 2% bleaching powder, especially in areas where previous infections have occurred.
2. During the mixing of cultivation materials, mold inhibitors should be diluted at a ratio of 1:1000. Avoid using high-toxicity or high-residue antifouling agents to ensure both safety and effectiveness in production.
3. Ensure thorough sterilization of the growing medium. The culture material should be fully fermented, evenly decomposed, and covered with formaldehyde fumigation if necessary.
4. For Flammulina velutipes, maintain room temperatures below 15°C to avoid high-temperature and high-humidity periods. Strengthen ventilation and cooling during hot weather, ensuring that the temperature does not exceed 18°C. If a sudden temperature rise occurs, implement cooling measures such as opening windows, removing plastic sheets, or shading. However, avoid large temperature fluctuations to prevent condensation and the formation of water films.
5. Upon detection of the disease, increase ventilation, stop or reduce watering, quickly lower the temperature, and apply medication to control the spread. Solutions such as 5% lime water, 100–200 units of streptomycin per ml, 300 units of oxytetracycline, or 500–1000 times diluted bleach can be used. Apply once every two days, with a one-day interval before and after treatment, repeating the process 3–4 times. Continuous application for more than three times can effectively suppress the disease. In severe cases, remove the affected mushrooms, clean the substrate, and cover the soil before applying the treatment as described.
In addition, farmers can consult with local agricultural experts for further guidance on unclear issues during actual production. The staff from the edible fungus disinfectant factory in Suizhou City, Hubei Province, can also provide you with all the required medicinal materials and support.
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