In the period before and after the beginning of spring, vegetable production in the Beijing area enters a critical transplanting phase. Following transplantation, as the soil warms up and temperatures rise, various vegetable diseases and pests enter their peak activity periods. To help farmers improve their awareness and management skills in pest and disease control, this report provides an analysis of the major pests and diseases expected in the spring of 2008 in the Beijing region, along with key prevention and control strategies for reference.
**Trend Analysis:**
The meteorological department predicts that the average temperature from winter 2007 to spring 2008 will be higher than normal. Winter precipitation was close to average, while spring rainfall is slightly above normal. The warmer temperatures are favorable for the survival, development, and reproduction of small pests such as whiteflies, leafminers, and thrips. Meanwhile, increased spring rainfall promotes the occurrence and spread of fungal diseases, increasing the risk of outbreaks. Over time, continuous cultivation has led to the accumulation of pathogens in the soil, contributing to the spread of root-knot nematode disease and Sclerotinia, among others. Based on these factors, it is expected that the overall incidence of vegetable pests and diseases in spring 2008 will be moderate to mild. Most common pests will remain at annual levels, while some may appear locally or in certain areas, particularly in greenhouses where damage can be more severe.
Cucumber downy mildew, melon powdery mildew, tomato leaf mold, tomato gray mold, lettuce sclerotinia, melon blight, white (smoke) flies, spotted flies, and red spider mites are expected to occur at moderate levels. Tomato late blight, early blight, cucumber bacterial leaf spot, and anthracnose are likely to be light. However, in some regions, certain diseases and pests may cause significant damage in isolated greenhouses.
**Control Measures:**
Focus should be placed on controlling botrytis, downy mildew, late blight, leaf mold, early blight, sclerotinia, powdery mildew, bacterial leaf spot, blight, root-knot nematodes, whiteflies, and spotted flies.
Before transplanting, ensure that seedbeds are free of pests and diseases by thoroughly disinfecting them. Prepare the soil by deep plowing, adding well-decomposed manure, and adjusting phosphorus and potassium levels. Before planting, apply appropriate pesticides to the ground, walls, and greenhouse films, using a slightly higher concentration than usual to sterilize surfaces. For root-knot nematodes, use 1.8% avermectin EC at 1–1.5 ml per square meter, diluted 2000–3000 times, or 10% abamectin granules mixed with soil or sand.
During the growing season, maintain optimal temperature and humidity. In sunny weather, increase ventilation in the afternoon to reduce moisture. Avoid overwatering, especially on cloudy days. Apply balanced fertilizers and remove old leaves regularly. During early spring, when sclerotia begin to germinate, remove ascospores promptly to minimize infection sources. When tomato fruits reach about 15 mm in diameter, remove petals and stigmas to prevent gray mold. Remove diseased plants, eggs, larvae, and pests immediately and dispose of them properly.
Use yellow sticky traps to monitor and trap whiteflies, leafminers, and winged pests. Place traps 10–12 meters apart, positioned just above the plant canopy.
Use high-efficiency, low-toxicity, and low-residue pesticides for effective control. For botrytis and sclerotinia, apply 50% Sucline WP or 65% Tamein WP at 800–1000 times dilution. For prevention, use 10% fast-kerose smoke at 1000 grams per mu. Combine with foliar sprays during flowering and fruit enlargement. For downy mildew and late blight, spray 80% Mustard WP at 600–800 times or 45% chlorothalonil smoke at 250–300 grams per acre. At the onset of disease, use 72% Kocide WP or 72.2% Previcur 600 times.
For leaf mold and powdery mildew, use sulfur fumigation before symptoms appear. At the early stage, spray 40% Fuxing Emulsion 8000 times or 47% Garnett WP 600–800 times.
For bacterial leaf spot, spray 20% Longketsu suspension 500 times or 47% Garnett WP 600–800 times.
For rubella, spray 80% Betilly WP 600–800 times or 50% epothilone WP 800 times. Increase dosage if necessary.
For whiteflies, aphids, and spider mites, mix 25% Bupleuron WP 1500 times with 2.5% Uranus EC 4000 times. Alternatively, use 20% Confodic 2500–3000 times or 1.8% abamectin EC 2000–3000 times.
When spraying, add 5 grams of "Simple" agricultural organic silicone surfactant per 15 liters of solution to enhance coverage and reduce pesticide waste.
After planting, if root-knot nematodes are detected, apply 1.8% avermectin EC 1000 times or 15% Weigen microemulsion 1–2 times.
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