Spring and summer are peak seasons for breeding in livestock, but not all females are fertile when mated. Even if they fail to conceive repeatedly, the causes can generally be grouped into four main categories.
First, **acquired infertility** includes several subtypes. One is **symptomatic infertility**, which is the most common type. This can result from chronic endometritis, ovarian insufficiency or atrophy, ovarian cysts, persistent corpus luteum, vaginitis, or fetal decomposition leading to abortion. Additionally, certain medical or surgical conditions can also contribute to infertility. Another type is **nutritional infertility**, which occurs when animals are either too fat or too thin, or when their diet lacks essential nutrients, vitamins, or minerals. **Use-related infertility** may arise from overuse, such as excessive milking or overbreeding, which can strain the reproductive system. Lastly, **climatic infertility** can occur due to prolonged confinement without access to sunlight, which affects hormonal balance and fertility.
Second, **congenital infertility** refers to issues present from birth. This includes interspecies crossbreeding, hermaphroditism (where an animal has both male and female reproductive organs), metamorphosis females (females with fully developed male reproductive systems), and congenital abnormalities of the reproductive tract, such as a single uterus, absence of the uterus, missing ovaries, closed cervix, double cervix, or overly developed vaginal valves.
Third, **age-related infertility** occurs as animals grow older. For example, mares typically become infertile between 17 and 25 years old, cows between 15 and 20, ewes between 6 and 9, and pigs between 6 and 8. However, if an animal loses fertility earlier than expected, it may indicate an underlying health issue.
Lastly, **artificial infertility** can result from improper mating practices. For instance, if a female is not properly timed for mating—either too early or too late after estrus—it may not conceive. Not performing ovulation tests or failing to accurately identify estrus can also lead to unsuccessful breeding. Moreover, if breeding stock is used too frequently or without proper rest, it can lead to long-term infertility issues.
Understanding these causes helps farmers and breeders take preventive measures, ensuring better reproductive success and healthier livestock populations.
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