The spring and summer seasons are crucial periods for breeding in various livestock. However, some females may experience infertility even when mated. Repeated failures in conception can generally be attributed to four main categories: acquired, congenital, aging-related, and artificial causes.
Acquired infertility is the most common type and can be further divided into four subcategories. First, symptomatic infertility occurs due to underlying health issues, such as chronic endometritis, ovarian insufficiency or atrophy, ovarian cysts, persistent corpus luteum, vaginitis, or fetal decomposition leading to abortion. Additionally, certain medical or surgical conditions can also result in infertility. Second, nutritional infertility arises from imbalances in diet—such as being overly obese or underweight, poor feed quality, or deficiencies in essential minerals and vitamins. Third, overuse infertility can occur when animals are pushed too hard, such as excessive milking or overbreeding, which can negatively impact reproductive health. Lastly, climatic infertility may develop if females are kept indoors for long periods without sufficient exposure to sunlight, affecting their hormonal balance.
Congenital infertility refers to conditions present from birth. This includes interspecies crossbreeding, hermaphroditism (where an animal has both female and male reproductive organs), metamorphosis females (females with fully developed male reproductive systems), or abnormalities in the reproductive tract, such as a single uterus, absence of ovaries, closed cervix, double cervix, or excessive vaginal folds.
Aging infertility occurs when animals reach an advanced age and their fertility naturally declines. For example, mares typically stop reproducing around 17 to 25 years old, cows between 15 to 20 years, ewes from 6 to 9 years, and pigs from 6 to 8 years. It's important to note that early cessation of fertility in older animals may indicate an underlying health issue.
Artificial infertility can result from improper breeding practices. This includes mating females that are either too early or too late in their estrus cycle, failing to perform ovulation tests before breeding, or not properly identifying the correct breeding window. Additionally, if breeding stock is used excessively—such as multiple times per day—it can lead to reduced fertility over time.
Understanding these causes helps farmers and breeders implement better management strategies to improve reproductive success and maintain healthy livestock populations.
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