In the poultry industry, achieving a high fertilization rate in breeder flocks depends largely on the condition of the male roosters. For optimal fertility, it's essential to manage the flock carefully, ensuring that the males have proper skeletal development, well-developed testes, and uniform growth throughout their life stages. Additionally, feeding strategies must be controlled, with the right male-to-female ratio and appropriate body condition to support reproductive performance.
Breeding arrangements play a key role in this process. When roosters are kept separate from the hens, it becomes easier to monitor their weight gain and overall health. However, in many cases, roosters are placed at the far end of the house, making it difficult for farmers to observe their behavior. Ideally, they should be housed near the entrance where they can be easily monitored during brooding and mating periods.
During the entire growing phase, it's advisable to avoid using scaffolds, especially between 6 and 12 weeks of age, when muscles, tendons, and ligaments are developing rapidly. Scaffolds can place unnecessary stress on the leg joints, potentially leading to long-term mobility issues.
The first 72 hours of a chick’s life are critical for its future health and development. This period determines its immune system strength, cardiovascular growth, feathering, and most importantly, skeletal development. A strong skeleton is essential for roosters to perform effectively during mating.
To ensure a good start, chicks should follow the ideal weight curve within the first 14 days. Many breeders use broiler chicks without coccidiosis to achieve this goal. Early management, such as proper lighting and temperature control, also plays a crucial role in early development.
Lice infestations, if not addressed within the first week, can negatively impact flock uniformity. Similarly, improper handling or overcrowding during feeding can lead to uneven growth, which affects overall productivity.
After 14 days, the main factor affecting uniformity is whether each rooster receives the correct amount of feed. Maintaining a uniform flock is vital, and feeding systems must be designed to provide equal access to all birds. Observing bird behavior, especially during transitions from manual to automatic feeding, helps ensure even growth.
From day 35 onward, roosters should maintain a uniformity of 80–85% to ensure synchronized sexual maturity when mixed with hens. By 8 weeks, about 85% of the skeleton is developed, so meeting weight targets at this stage is crucial. Failure to do so can result in smaller, less productive roosters.
Key steps to ensure proper skeletal development include:
- Achieving a target weight of 140 grams by day 7 (using high-protein feed if needed).
- Weighing the entire group at 4 weeks and removing underweight birds.
- Conducting final selection at 10 weeks and adjusting the growth curve accordingly.
Maintaining an appropriate stocking density (3–4 roosters per square meter) and providing enough feeding space (15 cm per bird) is essential. Feeders should operate at a fast speed (2–3 minutes per column) to prevent competition and ensure even feeding.
Testicular development occurs between 10 and 15 weeks of age. Consistent weekly weight gain during this time is critical, as any loss can impair sperm production later. From week 15, the reproductive system develops rapidly, so feeding must align with the weight curve, especially when roosters are mixed with hens. Proper density and even feed distribution between 10 weeks and mating time are key to long-term success.
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