Sesame cultivation has seen the emergence of several high-performing varieties in recent years, including Echi 1, No. 2, Yuzhi No. 4, Zhongzhi No. 7, Zhongzhi No. 8, Zhongzhi No. 10, and Black Sesame Zhongzhi No. 9. These varieties are known for their strong adaptability, high yields exceeding 100 kilograms per acre, and overall good performance across different growing conditions, making them suitable for widespread planting.
Crop rotation is essential for sesame farming to prevent disease buildup. Continuous planting of sesame in the same field can lead to serious issues, as shown by surveys indicating that in Daejeon, the incidence rate reached over 50% after one year and even hit 80% after two consecutive years. To avoid this, it’s recommended to rotate sesame with crops like corn, sweet potato, soybean, sorghum, or cotton for a period of 3 to 4 years, which helps reduce soil-borne diseases and improves overall yield.
Soil management is crucial for healthy sesame growth. Since sesame is sensitive to waterlogging and prone to root problems, especially in later stages when plants may be easily blown over by wind, proper drainage is necessary. Implementing deep ditches and narrow beds ensures efficient water drainage and prevents soil compaction. Typically, each bed should be between 1.5 to 2 meters wide, with trenches about 30 centimeters wide and deeper than the plow layer, allowing the roots to grow freely and stay healthy.
Double-seeding is an effective technique to ensure better germination, especially under varying weather conditions. After plowing, seeds are sown in two layers: the first layer is planted immediately, while the second is sown on top. This method helps protect against drought and excessive rain. The lower layer can absorb moisture during dry periods, while the upper layer benefits from rainfall, ensuring more uniform seedling emergence and better survival rates.
Proper planting density is key to maximizing yield. For single-stalk varieties, plant around 15,000 to 18,000 plants per mu, with spacing of 13–16 cm between plants and 26 cm between rows. For branching varieties, aim for 8,000 to 10,000 plants per mu, with 22–24 cm between plants and 33 cm between rows. Timely thinning is also important—remove weak seedlings early to promote balanced growth and prevent "weak seedlings." When seedlings reach 12–15 cm, perform the final thinning to ensure optimal spacing.
Weed control is critical in sesame farming. Chemical herbicides such as 48% pendimethalin (200–250 ml per acre), 72% dichlorprop (100 ml), or 60% metolachlor (60 ml) should be applied within three days of sowing. In dry or heavy soils, irrigation before application is recommended. Fields rich in organic matter may require a 20% increase in dosage. For post-emergence weed control, use 10.8% fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (20–30 ml per mu) or other selective herbicides, sprayed during early morning or dew periods for best results.
Fertilization plays a major role in sesame growth. A base application of 2,500 kg of well-decomposed farmyard manure, 25–30 kg of superphosphate, and 5 kg of urea per acre is recommended. If organic fertilizer is lacking, supplement with additional nitrogen. During the flowering and podding stage, which accounts for about 70% of nutrient uptake, apply top-dressing with 10–15 kg of ammonium sulfate or 7.5–10 kg of urea per acre. Foliar sprays of 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2% borax can further enhance growth and yield.
Timely topping is essential for improving yield and quality. It should be done after the full fruiting period, when the main stem stops growing. Choose a sunny morning to remove the top bud, promoting better energy distribution to the fruits.
Pest and disease control is vital for healthy sesame crops. Common pests include aphids, stink bugs, and small earthworms, while diseases such as stem blight, wilt, anthracnose, and bacterial wilt can cause significant damage. Regular monitoring and timely intervention with appropriate pesticides and fungicides are necessary to maintain crop health and productivity.
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