The ripening of large cherry fruits is often regarded as "the first branch of fresh fruits" due to their vibrant color, superior quality, rich nutritional content, and high market value. These characteristics make them highly popular among consumers. From a grower's perspective, the cultivation of large cherries offers significant economic returns, has a relatively short growth cycle, and requires minimal management, which makes it an attractive crop. However, challenges such as delayed economic returns and slow fruiting progress can hinder the industry's development. Therefore, developing early high-yield techniques is crucial for advancing the large cherry sector.
Large cherries require specific soil and climate conditions to thrive. They need deep, well-fertilized soil to ensure healthy root systems and consistent yields. Soil should be tilled regularly—once in spring, summer, and autumn—with a depth of about 25 cm to encourage root expansion. Fertilization is essential, with base fertilizer applied annually between mid-September and October. A typical application includes 30–50 kg of organic fertilizer, 0.5 kg of urea, and 1.5 kg of superphosphate per tree. During the pre-growth period (before May), 0.75 kg of urea is recommended to stimulate shoot growth. After that, each plant should receive 1.5 kg of calcium phosphate and 1.2 kg of potassium sulfate monthly. Proper moisture management is also key, as large cherries are sensitive to drought. The soil's relative humidity should be maintained between 60% and 80%. During germination to initial flowering, watering should keep the soil at around 80% humidity, then gradually reduced to 60–70%.
Pruning and shaping the tree structure are vital for achieving early and high yields. One effective method is the "spindle" shape, which supports early productivity and stability. This involves selecting strong seedlings over 1.5 meters tall and pruning the main stem to 80–90 cm. In the first year, no main branches are cultivated, but lateral shoots are trimmed carefully. By the second year, main branches are developed to increase the height difference and promote balanced growth. The tree should reach a height of 60–70 cm, with a total height of 3.5–4 meters and 12–15 main branches spaced 20–25 cm apart on the central stem. Each main branch should have an angle of 70–80 degrees, without unnecessary side branches.
Summer pruning plays a key role in managing tree vigor and encouraging flower bud formation. Techniques include branch spreading, carving, topping, girdling, and thinning. Branches should be opened to 70 degrees, and when they reach 50 cm, the tip should be cut back to 10 cm. Winter pruning should maintain branch lengths of 40–50 cm to keep the tree compact and prevent bare spots. Topping helps control growth, increase short branches, and promote early fruiting. Girdling, done around the time of flowering, restricts vegetative growth and encourages earlier fruit production. Thinning removes dense or unproductive branches, improving light penetration and air circulation.
During the young tree stage, the focus is on building a strong framework. Pruning should be light, preserving most of the middle branches while removing only the dense, crossing, or outward-growing ones. Shortening one-year-old shoots encourages more branching, supporting the development of the main scaffold. For 3–4-year-old trees, the extension branches should be pruned based on growth intensity and position, typically cutting back to 40–50 cm. Leaving buds on these branches allows for controlled growth and better canopy balance. Overall, the goal is to achieve early fruiting and high yield by promoting proper structure and growth management.
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