Fertilizer application during sowing or transplanting involves placing the fertilizer near the seed or mixing it with the seed to provide essential nutrients for early crop growth. This method is considered one of the most cost-effective and efficient ways to supply nutrients directly to the plant’s root zone. However, improper use can lead to serious issues such as seed burn, which may result in poor germination, weak seedlings, or even crop failure. Therefore, it's crucial to carefully control the type and quantity of fertilizer used for seed treatment.
When selecting fertilizers for seed application, it's important to choose those that release nutrients quickly but are not overly acidic or alkaline. The fertilizer should also be non-toxic to the seed to avoid inhibiting germination. Commonly used seed fertilizers include well-decomposed organic manure, humic acid-based products, amino acid formulations, liquid fertilizers, microbial inoculants, and fast-acting chemical fertilizers.
There are several methods for applying seed fertilizers:
1. **Seed Coating**: A small amount of water is used to dissolve or dilute the fertilizer, which is then sprayed onto the seed surface while mixing. This ensures even coverage, and the seeds are dried before sowing.
2. **Soaking**: The fertilizer is mixed into a solution at a specific concentration (typically 1:10 ratio of fertilizer to water). Seeds are soaked in this solution for 12 to 24 hours, allowing the nutrient-rich solution to penetrate the seed coat before planting.
3. **Root Dipping**: This method is commonly used for transplanted crops like rice. Before transplanting, the roots are briefly dipped into a diluted fertilizer solution (usually 0.01–0.1% concentration) to enhance root establishment and improve survival rates.
4. **Ditch or Hole Application**: Fertilizer is placed 3–5 cm deep in the furrow or planting hole, maintaining a safe distance of at least 3 cm from the seed to prevent direct contact and potential damage.
It's generally not advisable to use certain fertilizers such as ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, or urea as seed fertilizers. Urea contains biuret, which can be harmful to seeds. If urea is used, the biuret content must be kept below 2%, and the recommended rate is no more than 2.5 kg per mu.
In terms of application rates, available nitrogen fertilizers should be applied at 2.5–5 kg per 667 square meters. For ammonium phosphate or compound fertilizers, the same range applies. Humic acid or amino acid liquid fertilizers should be diluted 600–800 times, while micro-nutrient fertilizers are typically diluted to a concentration between 0.1% and 0.05%. Proper application ensures optimal nutrient uptake without risking crop injury.
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