During the dry period, which lasts from 15 days before milking stops until 15 days before calving, cows should be fed a diet primarily composed of high-quality green hay. In addition to this, they should receive an appropriate amount of green forage, root crops, and finely ground feed. It's important not to over-concentrate the diet; typically, about 2.5 kg of mixed concentrate is sufficient. As the dry period progresses, especially in its later stages, it's essential to enhance the nutritional value of the diet while reducing calcium content in the concentrate to better support the cow’s needs after giving birth. At this stage, the ratio of fine to coarse feed is usually maintained at around 3:7.
During the perinatal period—15 days before and after calving—the amount of concentrate should be gradually increased as the due date approaches. However, the total feed should not exceed 1% of the cow’s body weight. For cows with severe udder edema, increasing concentrate may not be advisable. Salt intake should also be reduced during this time to prevent constipation. After calving, it's recommended that cows be given 10 to 20 kg of hot bran and salt-calcium soup (made with 500 grams of bran, 50 grams of salt, and 50 grams of calcium carbonate) to help restore their strength and promote placenta expulsion. Within the first week after birth, the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio should be adjusted to 3:1 to support recovery.
The lactation period, which begins 16 days after calving and lasts up to 100 days, is crucial for both the cow's recovery and milk production. Cows typically reach peak milk production between 4 to 6 weeks postpartum. At this time, guided feeding can begin, starting on the 5th day after calving. The diet should include high-quality hay and plenty of clean water. The concentrate level should be gradually increased by 0.5 kg per day. A feeding standard of 1.2 times the maintenance level is recommended until milk production stabilizes, after which normal feeding can resume. At this point, the base concentrate should be around 2.5 kg, with an additional 1 kg of concentrate added for every 2.5 kg of milk produced. The fine-to-coarse feed ratio should be balanced at 5:5.
In mid-lactation, which spans from day 101 to 200 after calving, the cow’s feed intake increases. The amount of concentrate should be slightly reduced compared to the early lactation phase, with a fine-to-coarse feed ratio of 4:6. Dry matter intake should be around 3.5% to 4.5% of the cow’s body weight. During this time, milk production steadily declines by approximately 5% to 7% per month, so efforts should be made to manage this decline effectively.
In late lactation, which occurs between day 201 and the start of the dry period, milk production drops significantly—often by 8% to 12% each month. At this stage, the amount of concentrate should be reduced appropriately, with a fine-to-coarse feed ratio of 35:65 being ideal. However, about 1 kg of concentrate should be added approximately one month before the dry period to ensure the calf receives adequate nutrients for healthy development. This helps maintain the cow’s condition and supports the next pregnancy cycle.
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