In the cultivation of Coprinus comatus, the primary pests that cause damage are pampas grasshoppers and whiteflies, both belonging to the Arthropoda class. These pests are small in size, hard to detect with the naked eye, and often cluster on the surface of materials or soil particles. They have a brown coloration. Whiteflies, on the other hand, are larger, white, and shiny, and they tend to appear individually rather than in groups, often leaving behind a fine, milky white powder.
These pests typically originate from feed storage areas, feed rooms, and livestock houses. They spread through various means such as media, culture substrates, soil cover, insects, air currents, production tools, and even the clothing of workers. The breeding cycle of these pests is extremely fast. At temperatures between 20°C and 30°C, they can complete one generation in about 8 days, while individual cultivars may reproduce within just 3 days.
1. Symptoms of Aphid Infestation
During the strain culture process, aphids can enter through small crevices like cotton swabs, preventing germination of seedlings or causing them to fail to sprout. The mycelium becomes sparse, weak, and eventually disappears. In severe cases, all the mycelium may be destroyed, leading to the loss of the entire culture. Aphids can also infiltrate the bacterial bed through various routes, feeding on the hyphae initially. When the infestation becomes serious, the mycelium itself may be consumed, resulting in moldy and foul-smelling culture material. If larvae appear during the mushrooming phase, they often create grooves, pits, or holes on the mushroom bodies, leading to discoloration, wilting, or even death. This greatly reduces the quality and market value of the mushrooms.
2. Comprehensive Non-Pollution Control Technology for Aphids
2.1 Maintaining Environmental Hygiene
Production and cultivation sites should be located away from potential sources of aphid infestations, such as warehouses, feed rooms, and livestock houses. Facilities like sheds and containers must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before use. Personnel involved in the management should maintain good personal hygiene. Regular sanitation practices should be enforced, especially in handling spent culture materials, which should not be left near the mushroom beds.
2.2 Improving Culture Material Quality
Use dry, mildew-free, and insect-free raw materials. Expose them to sunlight for 2–3 days before use. Clean the mixing and stacking areas with clean water and spray with a 0.5% dichlorvos solution. It is best to use sterilized materials processed through retorting or fermentation.
2.3 Enhancing Soil Cover Quality
Select soil with appropriate viscosity (around 40% clay content), such as humus-rich loamy soil or fertile garden soil. Use soil from 10–30 cm below the surface, avoiding topsoil. Before applying the soil in the shed, it must be strictly disinfected.
2.4 Selecting High-Quality Strains
Choose strong, aphid-resistant strains. Regularly inspect the cultures during the production process. If aphids are found, apply 50% dichlorvos liquid using cotton plugs to kill the pests without affecting the mycelium significantly.
2.5 Preventive and Curative Measures for Aphids
2.5.1 Black Film Inspection
After sowing, check the area for aphids 5–7 days later. Cover the bacterial bed with black plastic film. After 10 minutes, use a magnifying glass to observe the side of the film closest to the bed. If small, flat, white or yellowish, long-bristled mushrooms are observed, take immediate action to eliminate them.
2.5.2 Using Rapeseed Cake to Lure and Kill
Once aphids are detected, place wet gauze cloths on the bacterial bed and sprinkle sautéed rapeseed meal over them. Soak the gauze in boiling water for 10 minutes, remove it, wash it, and repeat the process. This helps reduce the number of mites effectively. Other options like peanut cake, cottonseed cake, or soybean cake can also be used.
2.5.3 Sweet and Sour Liquid Trapping
Mix sugar, vinegar, and water in a 1:1:20 ratio, wring it through gauze, and spread it on the bacterial bed. Add a small amount of sautéed wheat bran or rice bran. When aphids gather, place them in boiling water and scald them. Repeat this process to control the population.
2.5.4 Pig Bone Luring and Killing
Place pig bones on the bacterial bed. Once aphids gather on them, quickly immerse them in boiling water. Bones can be reused after cleaning. Fresh pork bones can be boiled for several hours, filtered, and mixed with a little sugar. Soak straw in the broth until it is saturated but not dripping, then place it in the bacterial bed to attract aphids. Every 2–3 hours, remove the straw, scald it in boiling water, and repeat the process.
2.6 Prevention and Control During Mushroom Production
If aphid infestation is light during the mushrooming stage, use the trapping methods mentioned above. For severe infestations, spray a 1000-times diluted solution of "Mushroom Net" or a 25% chrysanthemum ester solution. Alternatively, use a single lighting followed by aluminum phosphide fumigation. To do this, seal the mushroom house tightly, place 2–3 aluminum phosphide tablets (3.6–9.9 grams per cubic meter) on the floor, distribute them evenly, and close the room for 48 hours. Afterward, ventilate for more than 6 hours and ensure no toxic residue remains before re-entering. Dispose of the leftover tablets carefully, never throwing them away. Pesticides should only be used as a last resort, and high-efficiency, low-toxicity, and low-residue products must be selected. Always follow safety guidelines regarding dosage, application methods, and waiting periods. Avoid using pesticides on the first harvest.
Reagent Strips For Urinalysis
Urinalysis test strips refer to test strips that test for bilirubin, urobilinogen, ketone bodies, ascorbic acid, glucose, protein (albumin), blood cells, PH, etc. in urine.
Detection principle
1. pH: The pH value in the range of 5-9 is measured by the pH indicator, and the pH value of the fresh urine of a normal person is between 5-7.
2. Nitrite: The reaction is based on the reduction of nitrate to nitrite by Gram-positive bacteria in the urine. The nitrite reacts with p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid to form diazonium compounds, which are then combined with N-(1-naphthalene) )-3 aminopropanesulfonate combined with a pink color.
3. Glucose: According to the reaction principle of glucose oxidase, glucose oxidase specifically oxidizes glucose to generate glucuronic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Under the action of hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the indicator and turns color. .
Classification
Urinalysis test strips are divided into visual series and machine series. The visual inspection series is divided into several models according to different inspection items; the machine inspection series is divided into several models according to different applicable instruments.
1. Classification by measurement method
1) Visual inspection series
When observing the result, compare the color with the standard color code within the time specified on the color code, judge and read the result.
2) Machine test series.
For instrument operation, refer to the instruction manual of the Urine Analyzer used.
2. According to the number of measurement items
There are single-item, 2-item, 4-item and multiple test strips. Currently, 10-item or 11-item multiple test strips are most commonly used in hospitals.
3. Classification by structure
Urinalysis test strips with single-layer membrane structure and multi-layer membrane structure.
Urine Reagent Strips,Urine Test Strip,Urine Sugar Strip Test,Visual Urine Analysis Strips
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