In the cultivation of *Coprinus comatus*, the primary pests that cause damage are pampas grasshoppers and whiteflies, both belonging to the class Arachnida. These pests are small in size, hard to detect with the naked eye, and often cluster on the surface of substrates or within soil particles. The pampas grasshopper has a brown body, while the whitefly is larger, white, and shiny, usually appearing in scattered groups with a milky white residue. These pests typically originate from feed storage areas, feed rooms, and livestock buildings. They can spread through various means such as media, culture materials, soil cover, insects, air currents, production tools, and even the clothing of workers.
The reproduction rate of these pests is very high. At temperatures between 20–30°C, they can complete one generation in about 8 days, and in some cases, individual cultivars may develop in just 3 days. This rapid breeding makes them a serious threat to mushroom cultivation.
### Symptoms of Aphid Infestation
During the strain culture process, aphids can enter through small crevices like cotton swabs, leading to non-germination or poor germination of seedlings. The mycelium becomes sparse, weak, and eventually disappears in severe cases, resulting in the loss of the entire batch. Aphids can also infiltrate the culture bed, feeding on the hyphae and causing mold, foul odors, and damage to the substrate. If larvae appear during the fruiting stage, they may create grooves, pits, or holes on the mushroom caps, leading to discoloration, wilting, or even death. This significantly reduces the quality and market value of the mushrooms.
### Non-Polluting Comprehensive Control Measures for Aphids
#### 1. Environmental Management
Cultivation sites should be located away from potential sources of infestation such as warehouses, feed rooms, and livestock houses. Facilities like greenhouses and growing chambers must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before use. Workers should maintain good hygiene practices. Regular sanitation is essential, especially in handling used culture materials, which should not be stored near mushroom sheds.
#### 2. Improving Culture Material Quality
Use dry, mildew-free, and insect-free raw materials. Expose them to sunlight for 2–3 days before use. Clean and disinfect the mixing areas with a 0.5% solution of dichlorvos. It is best to use sterilized materials from autoclaving or fermentation processes.
#### 3. Soil Cover Selection and Treatment
Choose soil with good texture, such as clay-rich humus soil or fertile garden soil. Use clean soil from 10–30 cm below the surface, avoiding topsoil. Before applying the soil, it must be properly disinfected to prevent contamination.
#### 4. Selecting High-Quality Strains
Choose strains that are resistant to aphid infestations. Regular inspections should be conducted during strain production. If aphids are detected, apply a 50% dichlorvos solution using cotton plugs to eliminate them without harming the mycelium.
#### 5. Prevention and Control of Aphids
##### 5.1 Early Detection with Black Film
After sowing, cover the bed with black plastic film and check after 5–7 days. Use a magnifying glass to inspect the edges of the film. If small, flat, or yellowish structures are found, take immediate action to kill them.
##### 5.2 Using Rapeseed Cake to Attract and Kill
Place wet gauze on the bed, sprinkle sautéed rapeseed cake on top, and soak the gauze in boiling water for 10 minutes. Repeat this process to reduce aphid populations. Peanut cake, cottonseed cake, or bean cake can also be used as alternatives.
##### 5.3 Sweet and Sour Liquid Trap
Mix sugar, vinegar, and water in a 1:1:20 ratio, wring out the solution, and place it on the bed. Add a small amount of sautéed wheat or rice bran. When aphids gather, scald the gauze in boiling water and repeat the process.
##### 5.4 Pig Bone Trapping Method
Place pig bones on the bed. Once aphids gather, boil them and reuse the bones. Alternatively, cook fresh pork bones in water, add a bit of sugar, and soak straw in the broth. Place the straw in the bed to attract aphids, then scald them every 2–3 hours.
#### 6. Pest Control During Mushroom Production
For light infestations, use the trapping methods above. For severe cases, spray a 1000-times diluted solution of “mushroom net†or 25% chrysanthemum ester. Alternatively, use aluminum phosphide fumigation after closing the shed. Apply 2–3 tablets (3.6–9.9 grams) per cubic meter, close the shed for 48 hours, then ventilate for over 6 hours. Dispose of waste carefully and avoid environmental contamination. Pesticides should only be used as a last resort, with strict adherence to safety guidelines and low-toxicity products. Always follow recommended application rates and intervals.
Vtm Test Kit
The generic name of VTM Virus Sampling Tube is a single-use virus sampling tube, which is generally used for the detection and sampling of infectious pathogenic microorganisms in disease control departments and clinical departments. It is suitable for detection and sampling of influenza viruses (including general influenza, highly pathogenic viruses, H1N1 influenza virus, etc.), hand, foot and mouth virus, new coronavirus, measles and rubella and other types of viruses. VTM virus sampling tube can also be used for detection and sampling of Mycoplasma, Chlamydia and Ureaplasma urealyticum.
The virus and related samples in the VTM virus sampling tube should be stored and transported within 48 hours in a refrigerated state (2-8°C). Viruses and related samples can be stored for a long time in -80℃ environment or liquid nitrogen environment. The virus can maintain the activity of the virus in a lower temperature range, reduce the speed of virus decomposition, and improve the positive rate of virus isolation.
The VTM virus sampling tube is generally equipped with a disposable flocking swab. From the appearance point of view, the flocking swab is white and soft. Using this soft brush during the sampling process will make the user feel no foreign body, and it is suitable for different Partial sampling person. Moreover, the flocking swab is designed with a breaking point that conforms to the length of the sampling tube and the natural orifice of the human body, which is not only convenient for sampling but also convenient for transportation of the specimen.
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