Coated controlled-release fertilizers are designed to release nutrients in a pre-determined pattern throughout the crop's growing season. This synchronization between nutrient release and plant uptake ensures that crops receive the right amount of nutrients at the right time, significantly improving fertilizer efficiency and effectiveness.
The primary function of these fertilizers is to slow down the initial nutrient release, extend the period during which plants can absorb and utilize the nutrients, and control the duration of nutrient availability. This helps maintain consistent nutrient supply, reducing the need for frequent applications.
Since the release rate and timing of coated controlled-release fertilizers are tailored to match the growth cycle of crops, they can be applied just once per growing season. This single application meets the entire nutrient demand of the crop, simplifying farm management and reducing labor input.
For organic polymer-coated compound fertilizers, the NPK ratio and trace elements should be adjusted based on specific crop needs and soil conditions. These fertilizers typically reduce the need for conventional fertilizers by one-third to one-half, depending on crop type and soil fertility. The frequency of application is determined by the release duration of the coated fertilizer.
The application rate of coated controlled-release fertilizers must consider factors like target yield, soil fertility, and nutrient content. In large-scale farming, blended fertilizers often combine coated and quick-release products. For example, a blend containing 30% sulfur-coated urea and 70% conventional fertilizer may allow a 30% reduction in total application. However, since only nitrogen is controlled, phosphorus and potassium levels must be increased to compensate.
Application methods vary depending on the crop. For rice, wheat, and other crops with dense root systems, controlled-release fertilizers can be applied before sowing or transplanting, evenly spread on the soil surface, and incorporated into the soil. No additional fertilization is needed during the growing season.
For larger row crops like corn, cotton, and peanuts, the fertilizers should be placed 5–10 cm away from the seed, either in the furrow or near the base. Care must be taken to avoid direct contact with seeds to prevent damage. Sulfur-coated urea and blended fertilizers should not come into contact with seeds.
In fruit trees such as apples, peaches, and pears, radial trenches are dug around the trunk, about 1 meter away and 20 cm deep. Controlled-release fertilizer is placed in the trenches and covered with soil. The interval between applications depends on the fertilizer’s release period.
When used as a base fertilizer for transplanted horticultural crops, coated controlled-release fertilizer is placed at the bottom of the planting hole, mixed with soil, and then the plant is placed on top. Water is added afterward.
For potted plants, the fertilizer can be mixed directly into the soil or substrate. The amount depends on pot size. When used as a top dressing, it should be evenly spread over the soil surface and reapplied every 3–9 months, depending on the release period.
Numerous field trials have demonstrated that coated controlled-release fertilizers can provide nutrient release over 2 to 12 months, offering significant benefits across a wide range of crops, including rice, corn, wheat, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, fruits, vegetables, flowers, and lawns. They increase yields, improve quality, and enhance ornamental value. Nitrogen use efficiency is more than 50% higher than with traditional fertilizers. Even when application rates are reduced by up to one-half, there is still a noticeable improvement in growth and production.
These fertilizers save time and labor, as they require only one application per season. Additionally, they reduce nitrogen loss through volatilization and leaching, leading to better nutrient use and lower environmental impact. By minimizing fertilizer runoff into water and air, they contribute to sustainable agricultural practices.
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