Cabbage, often abbreviated as "Cabbage," is a biennial cruciferous vegetable and one of the most commonly grown vegetables during spring, summer, and autumn. With changes in agricultural planting structures, its cultivation area has gradually expanded nationwide. After several years of research and practice, we have mastered high-yield seed production techniques for cabbage, increasing yields from 45-50 kilograms per mu to 90-100 kilograms. Below are the main technical points for successful seed production.
First, seedling cultivation:
1. The sowing period is determined through testing, with parents sown in stages during early September. Choose fertile, well-drained soil to create small ridges that are 1.2 meters wide and 20 meters long. Dig drainage ditches around the beds, and apply 200-250 kg of well-decomposed manure and 2.5 kg of diammonium phosphate. Perform shallow plowing 2-3 times to mix the soil thoroughly, ensuring it is fine and smooth. Before planting, water the bed, and after the water has been absorbed, spread a thin layer of soil. Mix the seeds with an appropriate amount of fine sand, then evenly scatter them in the bed, covering them with 0.5-1 cm of fine soil.
2. Transplant the seedlings when they have 2-3 true leaves. Plant them on the same flat, leaving 60-70 cm between plants for easy management. Apply 200-250 kg of composted manure and 2.5 kg of compound fertilizer per square meter. Spread the fertilizer 3-4 times. In the seedbed, dig small trenches, pour in water, place the seedlings, and gently press the soil around them.
3. During the seedling stage, regular watering is essential when there's a drought. Insects are common, so timely spraying is necessary. Before watering in the early stages, loosen the soil by scratching it. When about 5% of the leaves appear, apply a mixture of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers with irrigation, using 2-3 kg per plant.
Second, winter survival management:
The key to successfully overwintering is ensuring the plants can withstand low temperatures and avoid premature bolting or flowering. Generally, the stem diameter should be more than 0.7 cm, and the leaf width should exceed 5 cm. A temperature of 5°C-6°C is ideal for vernalization. Normally, the plant reaches over 1 cm before winter and forms a loose head.
Third, pre-planting preparation:
1. Ensure there is no cross-pollination within 2,000 meters. Avoid other cabbage varieties or related species such as cauliflower, broccoli, rape, and kale.
2. Prepare the soil by applying 5,000 tons of organic fertilizer, 15 kg of diammonium phosphate, and 20 kg of compound fertilizer per 667 square meters. Plow and make 1-meter-wide ridges, level the surface, and set up drainage systems for planting.
3. Plant the seedlings in mid-March, when there is no frost. Earlier planting leads to higher yields. Use a 1:1 ratio of male and female parents. Plant two rows per ridge with 0.4-0.5 meters spacing, totaling 2,800-3,000 plants per 667 square meters. Separate the rows for easier management and ensure synchronized flowering. Large and small seedlings can be planted separately to better control growth.
Fourth, post-planting management:
1. Water and fertilize the seedlings with a large amount of water. Apply 15 kg of urea per 667 square meters based on fertility and growth. Control watering before and after flowering to prevent excessive growth. During the flowering period, apply 15-20 kg of NPK fertilizer per 667 square meters, followed by sufficient irrigation. Reduce watering as the harvest approaches.
2. Remove hybrid strains before flowering. Regular field inspections are necessary to identify and remove inferior or mixed plants to maintain seed purity.
3. Adjust the flowering period to ensure both parents bloom at the same time, which is crucial for producing pure F1 seeds.
4. Staking, topping, and pruning help prevent lodging and promote multi-branching and increased yield. Use bamboo poles or ropes to support the plants during flowering.
5. Bees are the primary pollinators. Introduce bees into the field, and perform artificial pollination if needed to increase seed yield.
6. Pest control is essential. Common pests include aphids, cabbage worms, and leaf miners. Use imidacloprid or Wan Ling for aphids, and green leaf Po for leaf miners. Spray once daily after May 20, and repeat 2-3 times if necessary.
Finally, harvest the seeds promptly when mature. Harvesting too early results in underdeveloped seeds, reducing yield and quality. Delaying harvest may cause pods to burst, leading to losses.
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