The cost of feed for laying hens typically makes up 60% to 70% of the total production expenses, with feed waste accounting for 3% to 8% or even more of the total feed consumed. This waste can exceed 10%, making feed conservation a critical factor in improving the economic efficiency of poultry farming. By implementing effective strategies to reduce feed loss and optimize usage, farmers can significantly lower costs while maintaining or even increasing egg production.
One key approach is selecting high-performance laying hens that have a smaller body size but a higher feed conversion rate. Medium-weight chickens are generally more efficient, as larger birds tend to consume more feed without necessarily producing more eggs. Another important practice is beak trimming at 6 to 9 days of age, which not only prevents feather pecking but also reduces daily feed consumption by about 3.5 grams during the growing phase and 5.5 grams during the laying period, saving approximately 12 grams per egg.
Cage systems provide a stable environment, reduce physical activity, and allow for higher stocking densities, all of which help lower feed intake. It’s estimated that cage rearing can save between 20% and 30% of feed compared to floor housing. Maintaining an optimal temperature of 13–21°C is essential for maximizing feed efficiency. In cold weather, when temperatures drop below 8°C, each 100 hens may consume an extra 1.5 kg of feed per day, yet egg production declines. Similarly, in hot conditions, reduced feed intake leads to lower egg output. Therefore, providing proper environmental control—such as insulation in winter and cooling in summer—is crucial for both productivity and feed savings.
High-quality feed should always be used, avoiding moldy or low-nutrient options. Poorly formulated feed is one of the biggest causes of waste. Additionally, feed should not be ground too finely, as it increases dust loss and makes feeding difficult. Seasonal adjustments are also important: in winter, increasing energy content (around 65–70% of total feed) helps maintain body heat, while in summer, reducing energy feeds can prevent overfeeding.
Alternative protein sources such as insect meal, fish by-products, or plant-based materials can replace part of the expensive fishmeal, reducing feed costs effectively. Adding feed additives like methionine, lysine, vitamin B12, and other nutrients can enhance protein utilization and reduce the need for crude protein in the diet. For instance, adding 0.1% methionine can boost protein use by 2–3%, while lysine can cut crude protein by 3–4%.
Including 50 grams of vitamin C per ton of feed has been shown to increase egg production by over 10% and save more than 15% in feed. Providing grit once a week aids digestion, improving feed digestibility by 3–8%. The structure of the feed itself matters too—using feeders that are appropriately filled (no more than 1/3 full) minimizes waste, as overfilling can lead to significant losses.
Ensuring a constant supply of clean water is vital, as hens require about 340 ml of water per egg. Water shortages can reduce egg production by up to 30%. Regular deworming is also essential, as parasites can absorb valuable nutrients from the feed, leading to poor performance. Chickens should be dewormed every 30–60 days.
Male chickens (cockerels) eat 20–25% more feed than hens, so culling excess males is important. A recommended ratio of 1 male to 15–20 hens ensures efficient breeding. Finally, removing low-producing hens (10–30% of the flock) can save feed without significantly affecting overall egg output, as these hens often consume more without contributing proportionally to the yield.
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