I. Production Overview Italy is one of the major strawberry producers in Europe. Its annual output is about 160,000 tons, accounting for 16%-20% of the total European production. More than 40% of the strawberries produced are used for export.
2. Variety Update Due to the high income of planting strawberries, Italy has invested a lot of manpower and financial resources to support the improvement of varieties. During the 20 years from 1975-1995, the average yield of strawberry in the country increased from 578 g to 818 g, the average fruit weight increased from 11.8 g to 19.8 g, and the fruit hardness increased from 2.27 kg/cm2 to 4.03 kg/cm2. The strawberry varieties in Italy are renewal fast, with more prominent varieties bred each year. Now, Italy has cultivated strawberry varieties with an average fruit weight of 50.1 grams and a maximum single fruit weight of 130.7 grams.
3. Breeding of varieties In Italy, strawberry breeding institutions have national research institutes and universities. The main funding comes from the Ministry of Agriculture. There are also private breeding institutions, whose funds are funded by self-raising or some local strawberry associations. The method of strawberry breeding is still dominated by traditional sexual crosses, with 600-700 cross combinations each year.
Fourth, production technology
(I) Selection of cultivation forms and varieties. Strawberries are cultivated in Italy from south to north. The cultivation area in the south accounts for 55% of the country, and the output accounts for about 62% of the country, mainly distributed in some large-scale farms. There are small farms in the middle and north. The cultivated forms include open cultivation and protected cultivation. In open field cultivation, late-maturing varieties are generally used, and middle- and early-maturing varieties are more commonly used in protective cultivation. The strawberry cultivation area in Italy accounts for 60% of the country's total, and its production accounts for 70% of the country's total.
(b) Sheltered forms are used in protected cultivation. There are three types of scaffolding in protected cultivation: one is a giant shed, which is 2 meters high and each shed has an area of ​​more than 15 acres. This kind of shed is very common in southern Italy; one type is a cave shed with a shed area of ​​500- 1000 square meters, each side of the shed is equipped with vents that can be closed at any time. The height of the shed is about 2 meters. The sheds in the central and northern parts of Italy are used more often; one is a low arch shed, covering only one ridge. 2- 3 rows of haystacks, about 50 cm high.
(c) High-ridge cultivation. Regardless of whether it is cultivated on open or protected land, high-ridge cultivation methods are adopted. Each ridge is planted with 2-3 rows and covered with a black mulch. Most of the irrigation is porous plastic pipe subsurface irrigation.
(d) Annual cultivation. The biggest difference from the cultivation of strawberry in China is that Italy practices a one-year planting system. The advantages of this cultivation system are high yield, large fruit, and uniform fruit.
(five) pre-planting hardening seedlings. Strawberry seedlings for planting are produced in specialized nurseries. In winter, the seedlings are planted in indoor leaves, graded and disinfected, sealed in plastic bags, placed in wooden boxes, stored in cold storage at 0°C-2°C, and removed from cold storage from July to August in the following year. After a few months of growth, the old leaves are removed in the spring. This work is done manually in the protected area. In open field cultivation, some farmers use machines to remove leaves in order to save labor. After the fruits are harvested, the resulting mother plants should all be discarded, and the soil should be re-ploughed and fertilized to plant the leap year plants.
(6) Output model. In the northern region of Italy, the protected areas began harvesting on April 20, and the open fields began harvesting on May 10 and continued until the beginning of June. In the warmer southern regions, leafless seedlings were planted in unseamed plants in November and fruit can be harvested in protected areas in late January. With cold-preserved seedlings, harvesting began at the end of March in the protected area. Currently, it is manually harvested. Generally, 200 kilograms can be harvested for each person.
V. Soilless cultivation In recent years, Italy has begun soilless cultivation in protected areas. (a) Soilless cultivation techniques. The growth substrate used for soilless cultivation is peat, which is sterilized by heating and placed in a 30 cm 40 cm pouch. Each plant was planted in four corners and placed on a shelf. In order to make full use of space, multi-shelves are used for shelves. The water and nutrients needed by the plants are delivered to the bags through thin plastic tubes. (b) The advantages of soilless cultivation. Soilless cultivation has the advantages of clean fruit, convenient harvesting, and no pests and diseases.
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