In the process of cultivation, due to adverse environmental conditions, cultivation measures, management methods and other factors, yam caused changes in the internal structure of yam during the growth process, resulting in a variety of bizarre yam.
I. Germplasm factors (I) Influencing factors. The yam cultivation in large areas mostly uses yams mouth and yam cuts for cultivation. The yams mouth and yam cuttings have been cultivated in the soil for at least one year. It is easy to carry root-knot nematodes and anthracnose, brown rot, and other pathogens. After the cultivation of the blocks, the disease developed on a large scale under conditions suitable (high temperature and rainy season from June to July), and the yam deformity grew. In addition, 1-2 years old yam mouth is more expensive, some producers are eager to use cheap cultivation of yam mouth 4 to 5 years old, because the yam mouth aging, easily mutated, the formation of bifurcation, bending and other deformed yam. (b) Preventive measures. 1. For the soon-to-be-cultivated yams mouth or yam cuts, soaking with mancozeb 500 to 800 times or carbendazim solution, soak for 3 to 5 minutes to kill the carried bacteria. 2. Try to use high-quality yam bean cultivation of annual yams for cultivation. 3. The use of 20 to 25 cm thick yams mouth or yam cuts as seeds is conducive to the formation of stout vines and enhance the disease resistance of yam plants.
Second, the soil factors (a) the influencing factors. 1. The quality of soil directly affects the growth of yam tubers. The yams grown in black clay have many snakelike and tuber-shaped tubers. The hairy roots on the surface of tubers are thick and have many hairs. The yam tubers grown in the sandy soil are slender and have insufficient thickness. 2. The groundwater level of the soil is too shallow, the yam plants do not grow well, and the roots and tubers are easily rotted. 3. In the continuous plot soil, there are many pests in the soil, which are affected by the hormones secreted by the roots. The skin color of the tubers is darkened and the quality deteriorates. (b) Preventive measures. 1. A plot of uncultivated yam can be selected for cultivation. The cultivation can be continued for 3 years. The second year, the ridge of the yam is grown on the ridge of the first year and the third year is planted in the first year of the cultivation trench. 2. Selecting high-desert, well-drained, deep sandy loam or loam soils requires consistent soils.
Third, planting factors (a) factors. 1. The depth of trenching is not enough. The yam ditch is too shallow, and the basal meristem of the yam tuber begins to grow laterally after it elongates to the bottom of the ditch, and grows into a foot-shaped or snake-like yam. 2. Ditch uneven soil. In the process of growth, yam tubers are susceptible to bending or deformation after they encounter bricks, stones, and hard soil. 3. Yam mouth improperly placed. Due to improper placement of yams mouth, 2 to 3 stems are generated. If not treated in time, multiple tubers are likely to form in the ground and affect the quality of yams. (b) Preventive measures. 1. The digging trenches should be deep enough, and the depth of trenching varies due to the variety of yam, but most yams have tube lengths of 1 to 1.3 meters and trenches should be 1.3 meters or more. 2. Mixed with organic fertilizer before yam cultivation, the soil of 20-30 cm soil layer in Yampo-gourd was subjected to rotary ploughing for 3 times, so that the soil fertilizer was evenly mixed. 3. When placing yams cuttings and mouthpieces, the robust buds should be inclined at an angle of 45 degrees to the ground to maintain the apical dominance of robust buds and inhibit the growth of other buds. At the same time, strong sprouts should be placed sideways to facilitate the growth of stem vines and underground parts of the shoots. The elongation of yam tubers.
Fourth, management factors (a) factors. 1. Too much rain, or improper watering, will cause a ditch, which will affect the growth of yam tubers, and cause them to bend. 2. Pests, cockroaches, and other pests bite yam tubers or basal meristems, causing insect eyes or bifurcations. 3. Root-knot nematodes, anthracnose, stalk rot, etc. harm the leaves and tubers of yams and affect the quality of yams. (b) Preventive measures. 1. Watering should be timely and appropriate, and water should be drained in a timely manner during the rainy season to prevent the ditch from collapsing. 2. The organic fertilizer should be thoroughly cooked and a small amount of trichlorfon should be mixed in order to kill pathogens and pests in the organic fertilizer. 3. The yam was soaked with 500 to 800 times of carbendazim before planting, and the sand or bran mixed with trichlorfon was sprinkled in the planting trench. 4. From the beginning of June, thiophanate-methyl and mancozeb 500 times are sprayed every 15 days to prevent and kill pathogens.
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