1 Straw and ammoniation
1.1 Characteristics of Straw Feed Straw refers to corn stalks left after the harvest of corn, wheat and other crops. It is characterized by high crude fiber content, generally crude fiber content of 30% -50%, and some even as high as 60% or more. Straw also contains hemicellulose and lignin.
Straw and other crude fiber feeds are only suitable for feeding ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The poor palatability and low digestibility of organic matter, especially lignin, are not easily digested and absorbed.
1.2 The role of straw ammoniation
1.2.1 The ammoniated straw has a soft texture and enhanced palatability. The feed intake of cattle, sheep, cattle and sheep fed with ammoniated straw increased, and the feed intake increased. Ammoniated straw is equivalent to medium quality hay.
1.2.2 Ammoniad stalks from cattle and sheep are good for intestinal tract and can improve digestive function. After ammification of straw, organic matter digestibility can be increased by about 20%.
1.2.3 The crude protein content of straw after ammoxidation can be increased by 1-2 times, and the large amount of cellulose contained in it can be converted into ATP energy by microbial fermentation in the rumen of cattle and sheep.
2 ammoniation method
2.1 Location Selection
2.1.1 The ammoniated site should be easy to manage, easy to operate, and save investment.
2.1.2 The straw should be aminated on a high-land, flat, dry, large-area plot.
2.1.3 The amount of straw ammoniating in cattle and sheep farms is large. Ammonia pools or stacks should be built where the feed yards and houses are close to the site for ammoniation.
2.2 Ways to build pools and establishments
2.2.1 Stacking method
2.2.1.1 The plastic film used for ammoniated straw should be non-toxic, anti-aging, and tightly sealed, with a thickness of about 0.12 mm.
2.2.1.2 Sealing film size: base film length (width) = width (width) +0.7 m, mask length (width) = width (width) + height åž› 20.5 m.
2.2.1.3 When ammoniated straw is used, the straw should be cut short and cut, and the length is usually controlled within 3-10 cm.
2.2.1.4 When ammoniating the straw, first lay the bottom film on the selected ground, and then squeeze the straw while spraying the ammoxidation solution. Then cover the straw with a plastic film and seal it.
2.2.2 Ammonia pooling method
2.2.2.1 The shape of the pool can be determined according to the feeding object and geological conditions. The general pool shape is rectangular, square or trapezoidal. The bottom of the tank is constructed of concrete and the wall of the tank is of brick-concrete structure.
2.2.2.2 The volume of the pool is determined according to the amount of cattle and sheep fed and the amount of ammoniated each time. The pool can be constructed with net aminated straw 140-150 kg/m2 or silage 550-600 kg/m2.
2.2.2.3 After ammoniating the straw, seal the plastic film in the pool mouth.
2.3 Ammonification method
2.3.1 Steps. Before ammoniating straw, it should be chopped, shredded or baled, and then the amount of ammonia should be determined according to the quantity and density of straw. Then, a straw should be stacked and sprayed with ammoxidation solution. Finally, the cover film should be sealed.
2.3.2 Ammoniating
2.3.2.1 liquid ammonia treatment. The stalks are piled up into saggers, and at the bottom of the indole, a piece of pipe is used to introduce anhydrous ammonia in a ratio of 1% to 3%, so that the ammonia gas rapidly spreads out. The plastic film should be opened and opened 1-2 d before feeding ammoniated straw.
2.3.2.2 Concentrated ammonia treatment. The cover film was uniformly sprayed on the straw with NH3 15% concentrated ammonia in a 10% ratio.
2.3.2.3 Ammonium urea treatment. The use of urease present in the straw can cause urea to decompose to produce NH3 and ammify the straw. Generally, urea is added in a proportion of 3% of the amount of straw, that is, 3 kg of urea is dissolved in 60 kg of water and evenly sprayed on 100 kg of straw. The straw after processing was brown, and the feed intake of cattle and sheep increased.
2.3.2.4 Ammonium bicarbonate treatment. The amount of ammonium bicarbonate is 14%-19% of the dry matter weight of the straw. Note that when the temperature is too low, the ammonium bicarbonate can not be fully decomposed to produce ammoniation, so the effect of ammoniating the straw with ammonium bicarbonate on a cold day is not good.
3 ammoniation considerations
3.1 Straw water content The straw water content is generally 30%-50%. If ammonia is used for the ammoniation of straw with solid ammonia sources such as urea and ammonium bicarbonate, in order to ensure the ammoniating effect, water hydrolysis is required. If the water content of the straw exceeds 50%, Straw was ammoniated with high concentrations of NH3.
3.2 Temperature and time The ammoniating effect of straw is closely related to the ambient temperature. The higher the ambient temperature, the shorter the time required for ammoniating. If the ambient temperature is 5 °C, the ammoniation is completed in 8 weeks, the ambient temperature is 6-15 °C, the ammoniation takes 4 weeks, the ambient temperature is 16-30 °C, the ammoniation takes 1-4 weeks, the ambient temperature is above 30 °C , 1 week can be sealed.
3.3 When ammonia concentration of ammoniated straw is between 15% and 28%, it is prone to detonation accidents. Therefore, the ammoxidation tank and plutonium should be kept away from the premises, and be careful of fire and explosion protection.
3.4 Ammoniad straw needs to be sealed. After ammoniating is completed, it should be vented, but the deflation time cannot be too long. Ammonium stalks are generally fed today for tomorrow, how much they are taken, and the rest are still stored in sealed containers. The ammoniated stalks removed from the lower layer should be air-conditioned and then fed, otherwise cows and sheep are easily diarrhea.
3.5 Feeding method Ammonium chloride must be used to disperse the residual ammonia before feeding. The feeding amount should be increased from less to more, and less to ground. The cattle and sheep have a 2-4 week adaptation process, and a certain amount of straw should be added. True protein, minerals and VA, VD, etc.
4 Ammonia poisoning and prevention
If the ammoniated feed is used improperly, the ammonia concentration in the blood of cows and sheep will rise to a certain amount, which will cause ammonia poisoning.
4.1 Reasons
4.1.1 The intake of cattle and goat ammoniated straw is too large.
4.1.2 Improper use of ammoniated straw results in excessive release of ammonia.
4.2 Symptoms of poisoning Cows and sheep are initially dulled, paralyzed, and weakened in rumen peristalsis, followed by total body rigidity.
4.3 Prevention
4.3.1 The uptake of ammoniated straw by ruminants requires a period of adaptation. A small amount of trial feeding can be carried out during the first two weeks of formal feeding of ammoniated straw.
4.3.2 Ammoniated straws should be fed in batches, preferably in combination with feeds containing a large amount of starch.
4.3.3 It is prohibited to use urea directly dissolved in water.
4.3.4 When cattle and sheep eat ammoniated feed for half an hour, they can drink water.
4.3.5 Mild poisoning can take 2-3 L of vinegar or 2-3 L of 20% sodium acetate solution. Severe symptoms can be intravenously 10% calcium gluconate solution 200-400 mL or intravenous 10% Na2S2O3 solution 200-400 mL, while using cardiac agents, urinary tract, hypertonic glucose. If the intake of cattle and goat ammoniated straw is large, gastric lavage can be forcibly performed.
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