Unreasonable fertilization is usually caused by unreasonable amount of fertilization, fertilization period, and fertilization methods. Common are:
1, shallow or table fertilizer application. Fertilizers are volatile, lose or hard to reach the roots of crops, and are not conducive to crop absorption, resulting in low fertilizer utilization. The fertilizer should be applied 16-26 cm below the side of the seed or plant.
2, dual chlorine fertilizer. The compound fertilizer produced with ammonium chloride and potassium chloride is called double-chlorine fertilizer, containing about 30% chlorine, easy to burn seedlings, and timely watering. Saline-alkali land and chlorine-sensitive crops cannot be treated with chlorine-containing fertilizers. Excessive application of potassium chloride to leaf (stem) vegetables not only causes the vegetables not to be tender and has many fibers, but also makes the vegetables taste bitter, has poor taste, and has low benefits. Urine-based compound fertilizers have high nitrogen content, biuret nitrogen is also slightly higher, and easy to burn seedlings. Pay attention to the depth of watering and fertilization.
3, improper use of chemical fertilizers. Due to improper application methods, it may cause fertilizer damage, burning seedlings, wilting plants and so on. For example, one-time application of too much chemical fertilizer or insufficient soil moisture after fertilization will result in excessively high concentration of soil solution and difficulty in water absorption in the crop roots, resulting in wilting and even dead plants. Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, the soil has a lot of ammonia or ammonium ions, on the one hand ammonia volatilization, the formation of alkaline droplets in the air droplets, burn the crop, produce spots on the leaves of burnt; on the other hand, ammonium ions in the dry The soil is easily nitrated and converted into ammonium nitrite by the action of nitrosobacter bacteria. The gasification of nitrogen dioxide gas will poison the crops. Irregular water-stained patches appear on the leaves of the crops and the veins turn white gradually.
In addition, when there is too much ammonium nitrogen in the soil, the plants will absorb too much ammonia and cause ammonia poisoning.
4. Excessive use of certain nutrient elements. In this way, not only will the crops be poisoned, but also the absorption of nutrients by crops will be hindered, leading to deficiency of the disease. For example, excessive application of nitrogen can cause calcium deficiency; excessive nitrate-nitrogen can cause loss of molybdenum chlorosis; excessive potassium can reduce the effectiveness of calcium, magnesium, and boron; too much phosphorus can reduce the effectiveness of calcium, zinc, and boron.
5. Fresh manure should not be applied directly to vegetables. Fresh human waste contains a lot of bacteria, toxins, and parasite eggs. If it is used without being cooked, it can contaminate vegetables and cause diseases. It can only be applied after high-temperature fermentation or detoxification. In the decay process of unfammified livestock and poultry manure, a large amount of harmful gases such as hydrogen sulfide will be generated, which will cause the seeds of vegetables to suffocate due to lack of oxygen; and a large amount of heat will be generated, which will easily cause vegetable seed burning or root rot, and is not conducive to vegetable seeds. Sprout growth.
In order to prevent the occurrence of fertilizer damage, production should pay attention to reasonable fertilization. One is to increase organic fertilizer and improve soil buffering capacity; the other is to apply fertilizer according to regulations. According to the soil nutrient level and the crop's demand for nutrient elements, rational fertilization, do not arbitrarily increase the amount of fertilization, apply top dressing to grasp the principle of light fertilizer and grounding; third, full-layer fertilization. The same amount of fertilizer, when applied locally, often causes a sharp increase in the concentration of the local soil solution, injuring the root system of the crop and changing it into full-layer fertilization, so that the fertilizer is evenly distributed throughout the plough layer, which can prevent the crop from harm.
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