Because vitamins play an important role in nutrition and health care in the metabolism of livestock and poultry, they have become feed additives that must be supplemented under the modern feed industry and intensive feeding conditions. They are used in large amounts, are imported, and are expensive. In general, there are relatively few factors that affect the stability and potency of a single vitamin preparation, and research is deeper. However, a large number of applications in the current production are a homogenous mixture made of a multivitamin preparation plus a carrier or a diluent, namely, a multivitamin premix product (referred to as vitamin premix). The combination of various vitamins with different physical and chemical properties and biological potency is more complicated. Due to the influence of the formula, its quality control is more difficult. To this end, it must be strictly controlled in the following several key steps in order to achieve the desired results.
Formulation design
In general, the formula design of vitamin premix is ​​much more complicated than the balance design of trace element premix or energy, protein and amino acid in the diet. In this regard, first of all, it is necessary to correctly grasp the requirements of various types of animal and poultry vitamins, and formulate appropriate levels of supplements accordingly. It should be noted that the vitamin requirements listed in China's livestock and poultry raising standards and the NRC feeding standards in the United States are all the minimum requirements, and are established under the experimental conditions with the occurrence of deficiency criteria. Taking into account the loss during processing and storage and other factors affecting vitamin valence, the recommended amount should be based on the minimum required amount of livestock and poultry, plus a certain safety factor. However, at present, the added value of vitamins is often somewhat high. Although the addition of vitamins is certainly beneficial to the health and storage of livestock and poultry, it is not economically advantageous. Therefore, according to the specific conditions such as livestock and poultry health status, production level, feed composition, ambient temperature, feeding methods, and processing techniques, refer to the recommended amounts of scientific and technical workers, livestock breeding companies, etc., and adjust flexibly so as to formulate suitable conditions. Vitamin addition levels. According to the current level of animal husbandry production in China and the energy concentration and protein level in formula feed, the medium level of added amount (about 10% excess) can bring about better economic benefits. Second, pay attention to the physical and chemical properties of vitamins to prevent incompatibility. For example, various vitamins react differently to factors such as light, heat, air, moisture, pH, etc., and ingredients must be comprehensively considered. Due to its strong alkalinity and hygroscopicity, choline chloride has a great influence on the physiological potency of vitamins. In particular, choline chloride in liquid form has a strong destructive effect on vitamin A, vitamin K3 and vitamin B6. Add it separately. VC has a strong reducibility, acidic aqueous solution, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B12 and folic acid can easily interact with it and break down. In addition, there is a certain degree of mutual antagonism between calcium pantothenate and niacin, calcium pantothenate and vitamin C, organic acid fungicides, and anticoccidial drugs and vitamin B2. Third, in order to increase the stability of multivitamins and other easily oxidized substances, antioxidants such as ethoxyquin, butylhydroxytoluene and the like may be added to the vitamin premix even if some raw materials have already been added. Of course, it must be noted that the total amount of oxidants from various sources in the final diet must not exceed the limit, for example, the ethoxyquin content should be less than 150 mg per kilogram.
Raw material selection
There are many vitamin preparation products, and there are great differences in the quality, potency, dosage form, and price of different products. It should be considered in combination with the purpose of use and the production process. It is required to select products with high potency, good stability, dosage forms that meet the requirements for compound feed production, feed grades, and low prices, which are delivered in the near future. The current market single vitamin preparations can be divided into two major categories of domestic and imported products. Domestic products are generally fresher and the quality is relatively guaranteed. The nature of B vitamins products is relatively stable. The disadvantages are that vitamin A, vitamin D3, vitamin E, etc. are coated with carriers to adsorb the products. The granularity is uneven and the stability is poor. , especially in summer it is more likely to deteriorate. Internationally, Germany's BASF and Switzerland's ROCHE Chemicals Co., Ltd. are well-known manufacturers of vitamins, and China's annual imports are also large. However, it should be noted that imported products must be strictly protected from counterfeiting and attention should be paid to whether they have exceeded or approached the value-preservation period and should not blindly believe in imported products. Regardless of domestic or imported products, all raw materials for vitamins should be sampled and tested. Veterinary drug regulatory agencies generally require vitamin premix manufacturers to provide UV monitors to ensure that most of the vitamins are tested. This is mainly due to the fact that vitamins are prone to failure and must be dosed according to the actual content of the product. Therefore, we must pay special attention to the effective content of the product and prevent the lack of vitamins caused by the lack of added quantities. Such as vitamin A, the general content of 500,000 IU / g, there are 200,000 IU / g, to be distinguished, and should buy feed-grade products, medical products are much more expensive. Vitamin E content reaches 50%, folic acid has 10% and 99% two products, biotin content is 2%, vitamin B12 is 1%. In addition, it must be noted that the vitamin raw materials should be protected from light after being unpacked and immediately stored in a closed container to prevent moisture from being used up and used up in time. In the summer, air conditioners should be installed on the storage and processing of vitamins, and dehumidifiers should be used during the rainy season.
In addition, raw materials for vitamin premixes also include carriers or diluents. In order to minimize the loss of vitamins, a suitable particle size, low moisture content, and less likely to participate in chemical reactions should be used as a carrier or diluent. According to the actual application, the defatted rice bran has the best carrying capacity, followed by bran, secondary powder and corn powder. Especially when corn flour particles are coarse, the bearing properties are particularly poor. Calcium carbonate is harmful to vitamin D3 because of its calcium, so it is not suitable as a carrier material for vitamin premix. In general, when the carrier has strong adsorption power, the multi-dimensional multi-phase carrier can maintain a good mixing uniformity even after being handled and shaken many times. The moisture of the carrier is, of course, as low as possible, and is preferably controlled to be less than 5% and not more than 8% to 10%. If the water content is too high, it should be dried. For raw materials such as vitamin B12 and folic acid, very little raw material must be diluted in advance.
Processing technology
In the processing of vitamin premixes, it is first necessary to ensure that the exact recipe requires accurate feeding. At present, in the foreign countries, automated micro-dosing scales have been gradually used, and most domestic still use artificial materials. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the training and improvement of the quality of the ingredients, regular calibration of weighing equipment, strict operating procedures to ensure the accuracy and stability of feeding materials. Second, according to the characteristics of different vitamin additives products, take different ways to add. The vitamin additive powder can be directly added to the mixer for mixing, and the liquid vitamin preparation must be sprayed into the mixer by a liquid addition device or treated first and then added into a dry powder. When the concentration of certain vitamin additives is high, when the amount of added vitamins is small or the flowability of the raw materials is poor, dilution or pretreatment should be carried out first, and then mixed in the mixer. Second, make sure that the premix is ​​evenly mixed (CV
Packaging and storage
Vitamin premix products are mostly small packages with a packaging capacity ranging from tens of grams to several kilograms. Generally speaking, it should not be too large, one ingredient is convenient, and the other can avoid the loss of active ingredients after unpacking. Packaging requires sealing, water, vacuum packaging is better. The best use of aluminum foil bag vacuum packaging, its appearance, strength, sealing, storage products stable. In the specific storage process, taking into account the carrier moisture content, pH, storage temperature, time and other factors may lead to the loss of some active substances, in addition to the excessive stability of the components of the excessive addition, should strictly control the storage conditions, requirements The environment is dry, protected from light, low temperature, and ventilation. The maximum temperature in the warehouse shall not exceed 30°C. The wall and roof of the warehouse shall be provided with a heat-proof and moisture-proof layer. Ventilation devices shall be provided during the high-temperature season. The light shall not be too strong and sunlight shall not directly hit the product. In addition, strictly limit the storage time, generally required to be completed within 1 month to 2 months, up to no more than 6 months. Once the product has been opened, it must be used as soon as possible.
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