Agrocybe aegerita, also known as Agrocybe aegerita, is a rare mushroom product newly developed in recent years and welcomed by domestic and foreign markets. It has become a bright spot for the promotion of cultivated varieties in various regions, and only Gutian County in Fujian Province has an annual cultivation volume of 100 million bags. Due to the short cultivation history of agrocybe aegypti, lack of standardized production management, and the mushroom aroma and aroma of the mycelium and fruit body, the pests and diseases are relatively large, resulting in substandard crops, declining quality, and excessive product pesticide residue, directly affecting economic efficiency. The sustainable development of the industry. With the implementation of the "Agricultural Product Quality Safety Law" and market access requirements, the requirements for product-free pollution will be more stringent in the future. Here, a comprehensive analysis of the focus and challenges of the cultivation technology of Agrocybe aegerita, and put forward solutions to provide reference for mushroom farmers in production practice.
1 The misunderstanding of the culture medium formulation affects the yield
1.1 High-yielding standards When the biological characteristics and physiological and ecological conditions of Agrocybe aegypti meet the requirements, the bioconversion rate can reach 133%, that is, feeding (dry material) 100kg, can produce 133kg fresh mushrooms. According to the status quo of the existing Gutian mushroom area, 1530 cm cultivation bags are usually used. Each bag contains 300 g of dry material. Its output reaches the standard of fresh mushrooms 400g, which is a high yield. If it is in accordance with the quality requirements of fresh mushroom specifications, it should not be less than 300g. However, many existing cultivators fail to meet the standards.
1.2 Non-compliance factors Although there are many factors in the production failure, one of the important reasons is the poor preparation of the culture medium. Its misunderstandings: First, one-sided emphasis on reducing costs, reducing the amount of wheat bran, some wheat bran ratio only 10%, and some even only 5%; Second, the amount of lime in spring, summer, autumn and winter as a sample; Material loading on the stove is prolonged and the matrix is ​​rancid and nutrients are destroyed.
1.3 Basic Requirements The whole production cycle of vegetative growth and reproductive growth of Agrocybe aegypti requires 10 months and consumes a lot of nutrients. The supply of nutrients can not keep up, and congenital deficiency can not achieve high yields.
1.3.1 Maifan Brassica oleifera cultivation The main nutrition is protein in organic matter. The existing cultivated material, cottonseed husk, has a protein content of only 4%, while wheat bran has a protein content of 13.5%, which is more than three times that of cottonseed husks; especially the amino acid content of wheat bran protein is as high as 46%, which is agrochemical nutrition. The main source of nitrogen is additive of VB1; therefore, wheat bran is an indispensable nutrient in the formula. The rational formulation requires wheat bran to account for no less than 15% of the total medium.
1.3.2 Lime as a medium pH buffer, while increasing calcium nutrients, the general dosage is 2% to 3%, the specific dosage should be increased or decreased according to the level of the daily temperature of the ingredients, the temperature is less than 20 °C At temperatures above 28°C, the aim is to control the rancidity of the matrix.
2 Bacteria contamination and control
2.1 Causes of contamination Agrocybe chaffonensis has a higher rate of bacterial contamination than other mushrooms. The main reason is that the amount of cultivation is large. Generally, the cultivation households make bags at a minimum of 5000 bags, and have more 10,000 bags. The workload is large, and the technologies such as mixing, bagging, sterilization, inoculation, and bacteria culture are out of control. Especially in the old mushroom area, the disposal of the pollution bags is not good, the spore index of space bacteria is increasing, and the resistance of the bacteria is also getting stronger.
2.2 Common bacteria are mainly Trichoderma viridis, Streptomyces, Penicillium, Monascus and other competitive bacteria. Trichoderma viride, in particular, is extremely harmful. Once it is contaminated, the bacteria bags are scrapped.
2.3 Control measures "7 in place"
2.3.1 The cottonseed hulls are fermented with water for 24 hours in advance.
2.3.2 After the addition of wheat bran, do not add the bag to the top of the stove for more than 6 hours to prevent the acidity of the matrix.
2.3.3 Sterilization Temperature Standard Control 100 °C for 24 hours.
2.3.4 Prevent pocket breakage during handling.
2.3.5 Inoculation time should be selected at night during sunny days, strictly aseptically.
2.3.6 During the cultivation of bacteria, attention should be paid to temperature control, moisture protection, ventilation, and light protection.
2.3.7 Turning the piles inspected on schedule and found that the contamination of the bacteria was treated in time. In the event of damaging, it can be sprayed with Ketite 73% EC 2000-3000 times.
3 Mushroom control
3.1 Insect Causes and Characteristics As a result of the unique aroma of the aphid mushroom mushroom mycelium, it induces a large number of mushroom mosquitoes to invade and eat the hyphae, the mycelium of the affected area shrinks, the matrix becomes dark, moldy and smells are emitted, and the mushroom is affected. Mushroom mosquito is the enemy of the cultivation of Agrocybe.
3.2 mushroom mosquito morphological characteristics mushroom species more. The mushroom mosquito currently occurring in Gutian Tea mushroom belongs to Pleurotus eryngii. Adult head and chest black, transparent wings, abdomen white. When the bag opens, it enters the inner surface of the bag and destroys the mycelium growth and spawns. The egg is white at the beginning of the egg and becomes yellow afterwards. The egg period is 4 to 5 days. When the larvae mature, they appear to be nematodes. They are 2 to 3 mm long and have a small rough hairlike texture and a large thickness close to the toothpick. Each adult can breed 8 to 12 small larvae, and the larvae can phlegm 10 to 15 days. The larvae are 1.3-1.6mm long and the pupa period is 6-7 days. The generation cycle of sexual reproduction is about 30 days.
3.3 Control Measures "Four Keys"
3.3.1 Decontamination Environment Let the mushroom house be sanitation and be disinfected with lime.
3.3.2 Physical prevention and control of mushroom house windows and doors installed nylon gauze to prevent adults from flying into spawning.
3.3.3 The chemical prevention and cure of mushroom house is disinfected with gas mist disinfectant, or sprayed with 1000 times dilution of 50% phoxim EC.
3.3.4 3 to 4 days before opening the fungus bag Spraying and preventing harm According to the requirement of pollution-free cultivation, the pill can be burned or the mosquito-repellent incense can be expelled; pesticides should be broad-spectrum, low-toxic and short-lived varieties, for example, Regent, acetamiprid, dimehypo, fluocin or 50% dichlorvos EC. Some mushroom farmers use aluminum phosphide to grow mushrooms 15 days later, and the growth is poor. This is because aluminum phosphide absorbs air and water vapor to form toxic and sour gas. The hyphae are harmed and even appear after contact. Rotten and affect the long mushroom.
The application of pesticides should be "seat to the seat." Any kind of pest has its own symbiosis law, the use of the corresponding pesticides and the best period of control, in order to achieve control effect. When fungal infection occurs in the bag culture period, it can use 73% EC, and spray it at a dilution of 2000-3000 times. It is forbidden to use any chemical pesticides during the long mushroom period. After cleaning the damaged mushroom body and its material layer, in order to prevent the recurrence of insect pests, biological pesticides and environmentally-friendly pesticides such as avermectin (100 mL/bottle)+acetamidine (275 mL/bottle)+diflubenzuron (350 mL) can be applied. / Bottle), the three kinds of pesticides mixed with 250kg of water spray, the insecticidal effect is very good, in line with pollution-free cultivation requirements.
Highly toxic chemical pesticides such as methamidophos, carbofuran, and insecticidal cockroaches that are prohibited from use by the State shall not be used under any circumstances.
4 The newly discovered mushrooms and 2 kinds of bacteria are prevented and prevented
4.1 Disease characteristics After harvesting 2~3 batches of champignons, the mushrooms on the surface of the mushroom tube often appear yellow or white, smooth surface and sticky layer of bacteria, and become dull later; another kind is in the mushroom tube. The appearance of a brown mesh overlay on the surface. These two newly discovered bacteria are sick and can cause the black mushroom, mycelium, and moldy odor of the mushroom, and it is no longer a long mushroom and it becomes a waste bag.
4.2 Pathogens The above two kinds of diseases, the former belong to the branch of Mycobacterium, the pathogen is the Cladosporium; the latter is the brown mold.
4.3 Control Measures "Four Checkpoints"
4.3.1 Humidity Shut off water when the space humidity does not exceed 90%.
4.3.2 Oxygen supply Attention to ventilation and ventilation.
4.3.3 Controlling Temperature Off When the air temperature is high, it can be covered with shading, and the water sprayed on the roof can be cooled.
4.3.4 Isolation shut off the bacteria bag that has been diseased to prevent the spread of bacteria.
5 Sub-entities infestation diseases and their control
5.1 disease species Fruiting body growth stage also often appear brown rot, soft rot, damping-off, black spot disease, mildew disease or empty sore disease and other infectious diseases, resulting in the loss of yield, quality, decline.
5.2 Symptoms The above-mentioned infested mushroom body becomes brownish, atrophic, moldy and rotten, and loses its commercial value.
5.3 Prevention and Control Measures "Five Points"
5.3.1 Do a good job in disinfecting the mushroom house and purifying the environment.
5.3.2 The water should be cleaned during the mushrooming period, and the ventilation and ventilation should be strengthened to avoid the long-term high temperature of the mushroom.
5.3.3 Damaged mushroom should be removed and burned in time, then stop water, increase ventilation, and reduce the space humidity.
5.3.4 After harvesting, use streptomycin 1:50 times to spray the fungus bag to kill the bacteria that are buried in the bag and avoid the recurrence of the second thorn mushroom.
5.3.5 harvesting and processing of mushrooms in advance.
1 The misunderstanding of the culture medium formulation affects the yield
1.1 High-yielding standards When the biological characteristics and physiological and ecological conditions of Agrocybe aegypti meet the requirements, the bioconversion rate can reach 133%, that is, feeding (dry material) 100kg, can produce 133kg fresh mushrooms. According to the status quo of the existing Gutian mushroom area, 1530 cm cultivation bags are usually used. Each bag contains 300 g of dry material. Its output reaches the standard of fresh mushrooms 400g, which is a high yield. If it is in accordance with the quality requirements of fresh mushroom specifications, it should not be less than 300g. However, many existing cultivators fail to meet the standards.
1.2 Non-compliance factors Although there are many factors in the production failure, one of the important reasons is the poor preparation of the culture medium. Its misunderstandings: First, one-sided emphasis on reducing costs, reducing the amount of wheat bran, some wheat bran ratio only 10%, and some even only 5%; Second, the amount of lime in spring, summer, autumn and winter as a sample; Material loading on the stove is prolonged and the matrix is ​​rancid and nutrients are destroyed.
1.3 Basic Requirements The whole production cycle of vegetative growth and reproductive growth of Agrocybe aegypti requires 10 months and consumes a lot of nutrients. The supply of nutrients can not keep up, and congenital deficiency can not achieve high yields.
1.3.1 Maifan Brassica oleifera cultivation The main nutrition is protein in organic matter. The existing cultivated material, cottonseed husk, has a protein content of only 4%, while wheat bran has a protein content of 13.5%, which is more than three times that of cottonseed husks; especially the amino acid content of wheat bran protein is as high as 46%, which is agrochemical nutrition. The main source of nitrogen is additive of VB1; therefore, wheat bran is an indispensable nutrient in the formula. The rational formulation requires wheat bran to account for no less than 15% of the total medium.
1.3.2 Lime as a medium pH buffer, while increasing calcium nutrients, the general dosage is 2% to 3%, the specific dosage should be increased or decreased according to the level of the daily temperature of the ingredients, the temperature is less than 20 °C At temperatures above 28°C, the aim is to control the rancidity of the matrix.
2 Bacteria contamination and control
2.1 Causes of contamination Agrocybe chaffonensis has a higher rate of bacterial contamination than other mushrooms. The main reason is that the amount of cultivation is large. Generally, the cultivation households make bags at a minimum of 5000 bags, and have more 10,000 bags. The workload is large, and the technologies such as mixing, bagging, sterilization, inoculation, and bacteria culture are out of control. Especially in the old mushroom area, the disposal of the pollution bags is not good, the spore index of space bacteria is increasing, and the resistance of the bacteria is also getting stronger.
2.2 Common bacteria are mainly Trichoderma viridis, Streptomyces, Penicillium, Monascus and other competitive bacteria. Trichoderma viride, in particular, is extremely harmful. Once it is contaminated, the bacteria bags are scrapped.
2.3 Control measures "7 in place"
2.3.1 The cottonseed hulls are fermented with water for 24 hours in advance.
2.3.2 After the addition of wheat bran, do not add the bag to the top of the stove for more than 6 hours to prevent the acidity of the matrix.
2.3.3 Sterilization Temperature Standard Control 100 °C for 24 hours.
2.3.4 Prevent pocket breakage during handling.
2.3.5 Inoculation time should be selected at night during sunny days, strictly aseptically.
2.3.6 During the cultivation of bacteria, attention should be paid to temperature control, moisture protection, ventilation, and light protection.
2.3.7 Turning the piles inspected on schedule and found that the contamination of the bacteria was treated in time. In the event of damaging, it can be sprayed with Ketite 73% EC 2000-3000 times.
3 Mushroom control
3.1 Insect Causes and Characteristics As a result of the unique aroma of the aphid mushroom mushroom mycelium, it induces a large number of mushroom mosquitoes to invade and eat the hyphae, the mycelium of the affected area shrinks, the matrix becomes dark, moldy and smells are emitted, and the mushroom is affected. Mushroom mosquito is the enemy of the cultivation of Agrocybe.
3.2 mushroom mosquito morphological characteristics mushroom species more. The mushroom mosquito currently occurring in Gutian Tea mushroom belongs to Pleurotus eryngii. Adult head and chest black, transparent wings, abdomen white. When the bag opens, it enters the inner surface of the bag and destroys the mycelium growth and spawns. The egg is white at the beginning of the egg and becomes yellow afterwards. The egg period is 4 to 5 days. When the larvae mature, they appear to be nematodes. They are 2 to 3 mm long and have a small rough hairlike texture and a large thickness close to the toothpick. Each adult can breed 8 to 12 small larvae, and the larvae can phlegm 10 to 15 days. The larvae are 1.3-1.6mm long and the pupa period is 6-7 days. The generation cycle of sexual reproduction is about 30 days.
3.3 Control Measures "Four Keys"
3.3.1 Decontamination Environment Let the mushroom house be sanitation and be disinfected with lime.
3.3.2 Physical prevention and control of mushroom house windows and doors installed nylon gauze to prevent adults from flying into spawning.
3.3.3 The chemical prevention and cure of mushroom house is disinfected with gas mist disinfectant, or sprayed with 1000 times dilution of 50% phoxim EC.
3.3.4 3 to 4 days before opening the fungus bag Spraying and preventing harm According to the requirement of pollution-free cultivation, the pill can be burned or the mosquito-repellent incense can be expelled; pesticides should be broad-spectrum, low-toxic and short-lived varieties, for example, Regent, acetamiprid, dimehypo, fluocin or 50% dichlorvos EC. Some mushroom farmers use aluminum phosphide to grow mushrooms 15 days later, and the growth is poor. This is because aluminum phosphide absorbs air and water vapor to form toxic and sour gas. The hyphae are harmed and even appear after contact. Rotten and affect the long mushroom.
The application of pesticides should be "seat to the seat." Any kind of pest has its own symbiosis law, the use of the corresponding pesticides and the best period of control, in order to achieve control effect. When fungal infection occurs in the bag culture period, it can use 73% EC, and spray it at a dilution of 2000-3000 times. It is forbidden to use any chemical pesticides during the long mushroom period. After cleaning the damaged mushroom body and its material layer, in order to prevent the recurrence of insect pests, biological pesticides and environmentally-friendly pesticides such as avermectin (100 mL/bottle)+acetamidine (275 mL/bottle)+diflubenzuron (350 mL) can be applied. / Bottle), the three kinds of pesticides mixed with 250kg of water spray, the insecticidal effect is very good, in line with pollution-free cultivation requirements.
Highly toxic chemical pesticides such as methamidophos, carbofuran, and insecticidal cockroaches that are prohibited from use by the State shall not be used under any circumstances.
4 The newly discovered mushrooms and 2 kinds of bacteria are prevented and prevented
4.1 Disease characteristics After harvesting 2~3 batches of champignons, the mushrooms on the surface of the mushroom tube often appear yellow or white, smooth surface and sticky layer of bacteria, and become dull later; another kind is in the mushroom tube. The appearance of a brown mesh overlay on the surface. These two newly discovered bacteria are sick and can cause the black mushroom, mycelium, and moldy odor of the mushroom, and it is no longer a long mushroom and it becomes a waste bag.
4.2 Pathogens The above two kinds of diseases, the former belong to the branch of Mycobacterium, the pathogen is the Cladosporium; the latter is the brown mold.
4.3 Control Measures "Four Checkpoints"
4.3.1 Humidity Shut off water when the space humidity does not exceed 90%.
4.3.2 Oxygen supply Attention to ventilation and ventilation.
4.3.3 Controlling Temperature Off When the air temperature is high, it can be covered with shading, and the water sprayed on the roof can be cooled.
4.3.4 Isolation shut off the bacteria bag that has been diseased to prevent the spread of bacteria.
5 Sub-entities infestation diseases and their control
5.1 disease species Fruiting body growth stage also often appear brown rot, soft rot, damping-off, black spot disease, mildew disease or empty sore disease and other infectious diseases, resulting in the loss of yield, quality, decline.
5.2 Symptoms The above-mentioned infested mushroom body becomes brownish, atrophic, moldy and rotten, and loses its commercial value.
5.3 Prevention and Control Measures "Five Points"
5.3.1 Do a good job in disinfecting the mushroom house and purifying the environment.
5.3.2 The water should be cleaned during the mushrooming period, and the ventilation and ventilation should be strengthened to avoid the long-term high temperature of the mushroom.
5.3.3 Damaged mushroom should be removed and burned in time, then stop water, increase ventilation, and reduce the space humidity.
5.3.4 After harvesting, use streptomycin 1:50 times to spray the fungus bag to kill the bacteria that are buried in the bag and avoid the recurrence of the second thorn mushroom.
5.3.5 harvesting and processing of mushrooms in advance.
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