In order to increase economic efficiency, most of the large-scale pig farms adopt early weaning, that is weaning piglets at the age of 21 to 28 days, and at the same time provide piglets with comprehensive and enhanced diets. The Dabai and Landrace pigs reared by the Huadu Breeding Company have an average weight of more than 9kg after 1 week of intensive feeding after early weaning. In addition to the excellent genetic potential of the French pigs, scientific and comprehensive nutritional measures are Inseparable. This article intends to discuss the nutritional measures associated with early weaning in conjunction with our company's production practices.
1, feeding stage and method
1.1 Formulation design of piglets in the feeding stage should be as detailed as possible according to the actual production. The piglets are limited by the digestive tract volume and it is impossible to meet their own nutritional requirements by adjusting feed intake like finishing pigs. Feed nutrient concentration is very sensitive. Different ages of piglets, their digestive physiology is not the same, three-stage diet can be designed, the first stage for piglets diet or feeding piglets (birth -7kg), the second stage for weaned piglets (7kg - 11.5kg) The third stage is the development of piglets (11.5kg-30kg), which can be further separated from the feed for piglets and designed into a four-phase diet. It is also possible to formulate a reasonable formula based on different varieties and strains, because different breeds and strains of piglets have obvious differences in energy, protein, etc. due to their own production performance, especially some new strains (such as legal systems). Because of its high production performance, due to the restriction of feed intake, the dietary nutrient concentration requirements are also higher.
In the three-stage diet (from birth - 30kg), the feed intake in the first, second, and third stages accounted for 2-2.5%, 10%, and 88% of the total consumption. The small feed intake of piglets in the first stage has little impact on the overall cost, so high-quality raw materials can be selected, and the cost control is mainly in the second and third phases.
1.2 Feeding methods Feeding piglets should be fed as early as possible, usually at 3 to 5 days of age. It is best to use plastic plates that are easy to clean and disinfect when feeding, instead of feed troughs. On the one hand, for piglets that are too young, feeding in the trough is more difficult. Using the nature of mutual learning among piglets, learn to feed as soon as possible. At the same time, the edge of the plate should be set with a 1-2 cm high edge to reduce feed wastage. After the piglet is used to feed, the feed tank can be used instead. Some experts suggest that weaned piglets are fed 4 to 6 times a day instead of being free to eat, but according to our experience, using free feed allows the breeder to have more time to observe and find that those who have been weaned have not yet learned to feed. Piglets so that they can be individually cared for.
For piglet refueling, there must be a transition period of 5-7 days, so that the enzyme system in the digestive tract of piglets can adapt to the new feed for a period of time.
2, energy and protein needs
2.1 Energy needs and sources The diet of piglets should maintain a relatively high energy concentration, usually 14.7–15.5 MJ/kg for digestive energy. The energy concentration of local breeds may be slightly lower, but foreign varieties and strains (such as legal systems), With higher energy concentrations, better production results can be guaranteed. To reach such a high energy level, vegetable oil must be added to the piglet diet, or a higher proportion of whole fat soybeans (digestive energy 17.72 MJ/kg, metabolizable energy 15.79 MJ/kg) must be used in the formula. When designing piglet feed formulations, net energy systems should be used as far as possible, because the difference in net energy between different feeds is greater than the difference between digestive energy and metabolic energy. Formulas designed in the digestive energy or metabolic energy system, the energy reaches the needs of the piglet, but the same formula in the net energy system may not necessarily reach the needs of the piglet.
7-day-old piglets can use glucose and lactose as their energy sources. After 7-10 days of age, piglets can use fructose and sucrose. Piglets less than 2-3 weeks of age are responsible for pancreatic amylase and gut in the digestive tract. Disaccharides are not sufficient and starch can not be used as a source of energy. However, weaned piglets can be based on plant-based feeds and are properly supplemented with lactose and other ingredients.
2.2 Protein Needs and Sources The amount of protein required by piglets is essentially the amount of amino acids needed. Studies have shown that piglets are not sensitive to low protein diets, and the key is to ensure the balance of various essential amino acids in the diet. Therefore, the concept of “ideal protein†can be introduced, and by adding some amino acids that are lacking in the diet, the amino acids can be equilibrated at a low level of dietary protein (usually 18%), and good feeding can still be achieved. effect. The first, second, third, and fourth limiting amino acids in the diet of piglets are lysine, threonine, methionine, and tryptophan, respectively. The amount of these amino acids added should be based on the expected daily weight gain of the piglets and the formula has already been used. The amino acid content is determined.
Low-protein diets have the advantages of reducing the incidence of diarrhea and diarrhoea in piglets, reducing nitrogen emissions from pig farms, and reducing feed costs.
Piglets have a rich source of protein feed, such as fish meal, blood meal, plasma protein powder, soy protein, soybean meal, etc. In addition, high protein whey powder contains 11-12% of protein, which is also a good source of protein. Soybeans contain a variety of anti-nutritional factors and antigenic components that cause immunopathological reactions, causing piglets with indigestion and diarrhea. The amount of use in the diet of piglets should be limited. Heat-treated whole-fat soybeans can be used, and high energy can be easily matched. High protein diet. In addition to the use of high-quality raw materials in the first phase of the diet, the soybean meal may be added in an appropriate amount so that the piglets can adapt to the soybean protein antigen before weaning. In consideration of cost and other factors, the second phase diet may no longer include plasma protein powder and other ingredients.
3. Application of high-copper and high-zinc piglets for controlling diarrhea and promoting growth of piglets. High copper is commonly used in feedstuffs for piglets. 250mg/kg of copper (provided in the form of copper sulphate) is generally added to the diet of weaned piglets. The amount of iron and zinc added to suppress the toxic side effects of high copper. Prolonged feeding of high copper may cause gastric ulcers. In the third phase of piglets diets, the amount of copper added should be gradually reduced.
Recent feeding practices have proven that high zinc is superior to high copper in controlling diarrhea and promoting growth, but there is no additive effect between the two. The amount of zinc added to the weaned piglet diet is usually 3000 mg/kg (provided in the form of zinc oxide).
4. Antibiotics Antibiotics have been widely used since the discovery of antibiotic growth in the 1950s. A large number of test results show that adding antibiotics can generally increase the growth rate by 10-20% and improve the feed conversion rate by 5-10%. The use of antibiotics has played a huge role in improving the health of livestock and poultry, and maximizing its growth potential. However, microorganisms are resistant to antibiotics and are resistant to drug resistance. With the expansion of antibiotic use and the increase in the number of species, Security is getting more and more attention.
5. Acid preparations, enzyme preparations, and probiotics Common acid preparations include citric acid, fumarate, and propionic acid, which can reduce intestinal pH and reduce the proliferation of harmful microorganisms in the stomach and small intestine, thereby improving the performance of piglets. For example, the addition of 2% fumaric acid to diets of weaned piglets at 3 weeks of age increases energy and protein digestibility by 3%, but it is not necessary to add acid in diets with high levels of dairy products.
Adding enzyme preparations to the piglets' diets is intended to compensate for the decrease in digestive enzyme activity after weaning and increase feed digestibility. According to the development of recent years, enzyme preparations have broad application prospects.
Microecological preparations refer to microorganisms directly fed to animals. They are composed of live natural microorganisms such as Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and yeasts, which can improve microecological balance in piglets' intestines and reduce the occurrence of diarrhea.
6, other additives
1, feeding stage and method
1.1 Formulation design of piglets in the feeding stage should be as detailed as possible according to the actual production. The piglets are limited by the digestive tract volume and it is impossible to meet their own nutritional requirements by adjusting feed intake like finishing pigs. Feed nutrient concentration is very sensitive. Different ages of piglets, their digestive physiology is not the same, three-stage diet can be designed, the first stage for piglets diet or feeding piglets (birth -7kg), the second stage for weaned piglets (7kg - 11.5kg) The third stage is the development of piglets (11.5kg-30kg), which can be further separated from the feed for piglets and designed into a four-phase diet. It is also possible to formulate a reasonable formula based on different varieties and strains, because different breeds and strains of piglets have obvious differences in energy, protein, etc. due to their own production performance, especially some new strains (such as legal systems). Because of its high production performance, due to the restriction of feed intake, the dietary nutrient concentration requirements are also higher.
In the three-stage diet (from birth - 30kg), the feed intake in the first, second, and third stages accounted for 2-2.5%, 10%, and 88% of the total consumption. The small feed intake of piglets in the first stage has little impact on the overall cost, so high-quality raw materials can be selected, and the cost control is mainly in the second and third phases.
1.2 Feeding methods Feeding piglets should be fed as early as possible, usually at 3 to 5 days of age. It is best to use plastic plates that are easy to clean and disinfect when feeding, instead of feed troughs. On the one hand, for piglets that are too young, feeding in the trough is more difficult. Using the nature of mutual learning among piglets, learn to feed as soon as possible. At the same time, the edge of the plate should be set with a 1-2 cm high edge to reduce feed wastage. After the piglet is used to feed, the feed tank can be used instead. Some experts suggest that weaned piglets are fed 4 to 6 times a day instead of being free to eat, but according to our experience, using free feed allows the breeder to have more time to observe and find that those who have been weaned have not yet learned to feed. Piglets so that they can be individually cared for.
For piglet refueling, there must be a transition period of 5-7 days, so that the enzyme system in the digestive tract of piglets can adapt to the new feed for a period of time.
2, energy and protein needs
2.1 Energy needs and sources The diet of piglets should maintain a relatively high energy concentration, usually 14.7–15.5 MJ/kg for digestive energy. The energy concentration of local breeds may be slightly lower, but foreign varieties and strains (such as legal systems), With higher energy concentrations, better production results can be guaranteed. To reach such a high energy level, vegetable oil must be added to the piglet diet, or a higher proportion of whole fat soybeans (digestive energy 17.72 MJ/kg, metabolizable energy 15.79 MJ/kg) must be used in the formula. When designing piglet feed formulations, net energy systems should be used as far as possible, because the difference in net energy between different feeds is greater than the difference between digestive energy and metabolic energy. Formulas designed in the digestive energy or metabolic energy system, the energy reaches the needs of the piglet, but the same formula in the net energy system may not necessarily reach the needs of the piglet.
7-day-old piglets can use glucose and lactose as their energy sources. After 7-10 days of age, piglets can use fructose and sucrose. Piglets less than 2-3 weeks of age are responsible for pancreatic amylase and gut in the digestive tract. Disaccharides are not sufficient and starch can not be used as a source of energy. However, weaned piglets can be based on plant-based feeds and are properly supplemented with lactose and other ingredients.
2.2 Protein Needs and Sources The amount of protein required by piglets is essentially the amount of amino acids needed. Studies have shown that piglets are not sensitive to low protein diets, and the key is to ensure the balance of various essential amino acids in the diet. Therefore, the concept of “ideal protein†can be introduced, and by adding some amino acids that are lacking in the diet, the amino acids can be equilibrated at a low level of dietary protein (usually 18%), and good feeding can still be achieved. effect. The first, second, third, and fourth limiting amino acids in the diet of piglets are lysine, threonine, methionine, and tryptophan, respectively. The amount of these amino acids added should be based on the expected daily weight gain of the piglets and the formula has already been used. The amino acid content is determined.
Low-protein diets have the advantages of reducing the incidence of diarrhea and diarrhoea in piglets, reducing nitrogen emissions from pig farms, and reducing feed costs.
Piglets have a rich source of protein feed, such as fish meal, blood meal, plasma protein powder, soy protein, soybean meal, etc. In addition, high protein whey powder contains 11-12% of protein, which is also a good source of protein. Soybeans contain a variety of anti-nutritional factors and antigenic components that cause immunopathological reactions, causing piglets with indigestion and diarrhea. The amount of use in the diet of piglets should be limited. Heat-treated whole-fat soybeans can be used, and high energy can be easily matched. High protein diet. In addition to the use of high-quality raw materials in the first phase of the diet, the soybean meal may be added in an appropriate amount so that the piglets can adapt to the soybean protein antigen before weaning. In consideration of cost and other factors, the second phase diet may no longer include plasma protein powder and other ingredients.
3. Application of high-copper and high-zinc piglets for controlling diarrhea and promoting growth of piglets. High copper is commonly used in feedstuffs for piglets. 250mg/kg of copper (provided in the form of copper sulphate) is generally added to the diet of weaned piglets. The amount of iron and zinc added to suppress the toxic side effects of high copper. Prolonged feeding of high copper may cause gastric ulcers. In the third phase of piglets diets, the amount of copper added should be gradually reduced.
Recent feeding practices have proven that high zinc is superior to high copper in controlling diarrhea and promoting growth, but there is no additive effect between the two. The amount of zinc added to the weaned piglet diet is usually 3000 mg/kg (provided in the form of zinc oxide).
4. Antibiotics Antibiotics have been widely used since the discovery of antibiotic growth in the 1950s. A large number of test results show that adding antibiotics can generally increase the growth rate by 10-20% and improve the feed conversion rate by 5-10%. The use of antibiotics has played a huge role in improving the health of livestock and poultry, and maximizing its growth potential. However, microorganisms are resistant to antibiotics and are resistant to drug resistance. With the expansion of antibiotic use and the increase in the number of species, Security is getting more and more attention.
5. Acid preparations, enzyme preparations, and probiotics Common acid preparations include citric acid, fumarate, and propionic acid, which can reduce intestinal pH and reduce the proliferation of harmful microorganisms in the stomach and small intestine, thereby improving the performance of piglets. For example, the addition of 2% fumaric acid to diets of weaned piglets at 3 weeks of age increases energy and protein digestibility by 3%, but it is not necessary to add acid in diets with high levels of dairy products.
Adding enzyme preparations to the piglets' diets is intended to compensate for the decrease in digestive enzyme activity after weaning and increase feed digestibility. According to the development of recent years, enzyme preparations have broad application prospects.
Microecological preparations refer to microorganisms directly fed to animals. They are composed of live natural microorganisms such as Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and yeasts, which can improve microecological balance in piglets' intestines and reduce the occurrence of diarrhea.
6, other additives
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