The purpose of rearing nursery piglets is to achieve the highest survival rate of the piglets, maximum weaning weight, uniform size of the individual, and to lay a good foundation for the future cultivation of pigs and commercial pigs.
The rearing-up piglets can be divided into the stage of suckling piglets that rely on breast milk and the period of transition from breast milk to feeds for free-feeding, independent weaning piglets. After the spring is a relatively concentrated stage of sow production, according to the physiological and growth characteristics of piglets at different stages, reasonable arrangements for feeding and management, in order to obtain the highest economic benefits.
1 Understanding the physiological and growth characteristics of piglets during their nursery period
1.1 Poor body temperature regulation, poor resistance to cold stress, and limited physical conditioning. The physical regulation of body temperature by piglets is mainly based on fur, muscle tremors, erection, and bunching. Due to sparse coats of the piglets, little subcutaneous fat, poor insulation, and lack of vitality at birth, the ability to rely on bunches of heating is limited. Therefore, physical adjustment alone cannot keep the body temperature of piglets constant.
2 Low chemical regulation. When piglets are born, they have poor coordination ability for each system. When physical adjustment can not maintain body temperature, although the body can also increase heat production by increasing the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates, the efficiency is very low, especially before 6 days of age. This ability gradually improved from 7 to 20 days of age, and was almost perfect after 20 days of age.
Therefore, the early maintenance of the environmental temperature of the pens is the key measure to reduce the mortality of piglets. Especially when the ambient temperature is low in the winter and spring, it is more practical to maintain the suitable temperature of the pens. In addition, milk fat and lactose in milk is an important way to obtain energy from breast milk in the early stage of piglet feeding. As early as possible, newborn piglets can eat colostrum, which is another measure to increase the survival rate of piglets and combat cold stress.
1.2 Digestive organs are not sound, digestive gland function is not perfect 1 gastrointestinal light weight, small volume.
2 The gastrointestinal motility is weak, and the gastric emptying is fast.
3 Low gastrointestinal acidity. Newborn piglets have low levels of gastric acid secretion and lack of free hydrochloric acid. Generally, a small amount of free hydrochloric acid appears from the age of 20 days. Later, as the age increases, stomach acid only has antibacterial and bactericidal effects until 30 to 40 days, and pepsin has a certain degree of digestion. When the diet of piglets contains high levels of protein, indigestion occurs, which is known as "recommence stress syndrome" in production. After 70 to 90 days of age, the secretion of hydrochloric acid in gastric acid is close to that of adult pigs. Gradually improved. Early feeding of suckling piglets at 7 to 15 days of age is an effective measure to promote the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and shorten the duration of gastric insufficiency, and it can lay a good physiological basis for early weaning of piglets.
4 The incomplete development of the enzyme system limits the digestion and utilization of protein (including excessive milk protein and animal protein), especially plant protein, in piglets. In addition, the piglets' stress from the maternal uterus aseptic environment to the postnatal environment has made the piglets susceptible to certain diseases such as piglet jaundice, peony, indigestion, etc., and reduced the piglets. Survival rate.
1.3 Lack of innate immunity, immune antibodies to disease-producing sows cannot pass through the placenta to the fetus. Piglets can only obtain maternal antibodies and transition to their own antibodies by eating colostrum. The absorption of colostrum is highest in the 24 hours after birth, and the rate of absorption gradually drops after 36 to 48 hours of birth. Therefore, sows should be allowed to eat colostrum immediately after delivery, which is the key to prevent piglets from getting sick and improve their survival rate.
Piglets gradually produce antibodies after 10 days of age and the active immune system begins to function. Up to 3 weeks of age, the number of antibodies produced by itself is still very small, and it is the most critical immune critical period. At this time, the immune globulin in the piglets is not connected, and the free hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice is also less. This results in the lack of inhibitory effect on the pathogenic microorganisms that enter the stomach with feed and drinking water, resulting in diseased piglets. Therefore, the piglets in this stage often adopt feed restriction measures to reduce the protein concentration in the diet and add antibiotics, enzyme preparations, and probiotics to prevent the occurrence of diseases. Inoculation of virus vaccines is also scheduled at this time to prevent piglets from lowering their survival rate due to concurrent or secondary disease toxicity.
1.4 Rapid growth and development, material metabolism, strong use of nutrient capacity piglets born small body weight, but rapid growth and development after birth, especially in the 60 days of age, the greatest growth intensity, after the growth intensity with age gradually weakened. Because of their fast growth and growth, piglets need adequate nutrient supply and are demanding both in quantity and quality. The sow’s lactation level generally peaks at 21 days after delivery, and then gradually declines, resulting in contradiction between insufficient breast milk supply and more nutrients required for rapid growth of piglets. Piglets at this stage are extremely sensitive to undernutrition. Therefore, in addition to normal breastfeeding, high-quality sucker feed should be supplemented so that the piglets can obtain nutrients from feed as early as possible.
2 Have a good "five levels"
2.1 Temperature Off Newly born piglets are not able to regulate their body temperature because of their thin skin, thin hair, and their own function of regulating body temperature. They have high requirements on the ambient temperature. If they do not reach the proper temperature, the newborn piglets will not only hinder their growth and development, but may even be affected. Frozen will die without milk. The most suitable environmental temperature for newborn piglets is 32°C. If the temperature is too low, the piglet's vitality is poor. They like to drill and pamper grass, and have no energy to suck milk. They are easily crushed or frozen to death. Low temperature is also an important cause of piglet diarrhea. Therefore, winter calving must set up nursery pens and piglet warm homes, if necessary, set fire to warm up.
2.2 The number of teat nipples is positively correlated with piglet survival. The more sows have more nipples, the more litters there are and the more piglets survive, otherwise they are low. In addition to the selection of multiple sows for breeding pigs, we must also pay attention to the fixed nipples, that is, the habit of breeding a nipple in 1 to 3 days after birth. Otherwise, it is easy to cause sows to stop lactation when the sows are feeding milk because the piglets compete for one nipple each other and bite the sow's nipple. The young and weak piglets have not been able to fight for nipples and have delayed milking. The body will gradually weaken and even starve to death. Some nipples have gradually shrunk due to lack of use and have lost their lactation function, which seriously affects the longevity and longevity of piglets. When fixing the nipple, pay attention to:
1 Weak piglets fix the nipples at the front, and they are strong and fixed at the back of the nipples. In general, the first three pairs of sows have a higher amount of milk in the teats, and the latter two pairs of nipples have a lower amount of milk, especially the last pair of nipples. When free-spitting milk is used, heavy piglets generally eat the front nipples, while weak piglets can only grab the small nipples behind them. Therefore, we must artificially assist the small piglets to eat the nipples at the front and fix them after a few days of training. This method can make the whole litter piglet even and can effectively improve the survival rate of piglets. If it is in a large-scale pig farm that concentrates on delivery, it is possible to adjust and nest several litters that are not up and down for three days after birth. It is important to put a large number of litters in one nest and a small nest in another nest. This method helps Piglets live longer and faster. However, when this method is applied, sows with mild temperament and high milking power must be found in the weak piglets, otherwise the effect is not good.
2 One piglet only eats one nipple. When piglets eat milk without human intervention, large-bodied piglets often occupy 2 to 3 of the front of the nipple, and weak piglets are often starved to death due to the absence of nipples, resulting in very low survival rate of piglets. In addition, the time for sows to put milk is short, and the piglets that eat more nipples are delayed on the replacement nipples most of the time when they are breastfeeding. They also disperse the time that massages sows' breasts and arches the breasts, which affects the development of mammary glands. Therefore, a piglet should only eat a fixed nipple. If the number of piglets is less than the number of sows in the sow, the back nipples and a harder straw should be put together with an adhesive plaster to prevent the piglets from sucking. In this way, two or two days later, the nipple wrapped around with rubber plaster shrinks and no longer produces milk, preventing a piglet from occupying the nipples of other piglets.
3 method to fix the nipple. Immediately after birth, the piglets have their ears cut, and they are fixed on the nipples on the back and front sides according to their size and body strength. When the sow puts milk, it uses a wooden board to divide the entire litter of piglets into two parts. For example, 10 piglets are suckled, 5 are on the left side of the board, and 5 are on the right side of the board to prevent the piglets from being randomly bunched around.
2.3 Feeding piglets are rapidly growing from 2 weeks of age. Breast milk alone cannot meet the needs. Therefore, feed must be supplemented early to supplement the nutrient supply, exercise digestive function, promote gastrointestinal development, and prevent diarrhea.
It is more reasonable for piglets to eat at 2 weeks of age. At the beginning, they can feed a small amount of palatable, easily digestible concentrates, such as sorghum and corn kernels, and feed them 4 to 5 times a day. Gradually increase the amount and wait for 3 weeks. After the transition can be made to feed the full price feed and ensure adequate drinking water. Iron is a raw material for hematopoiesis. The iron reserved for newborn piglets is only 30 to 50 mg. The normal growth of piglets requires 7 to 8 mg of iron per day, and only 1 mg of iron can be obtained per day from breast milk. In other words, if pig iron is not supplemented, iron stored in the body will be depleted within one week. Piglets will suffer from iron deficiency anemia, light weight loss and weight loss, and severe death. Therefore, severe iron deficiency areas can be injected with dextran iron and cobalt injection at the age of 2 days, and each piglet intramuscular injection of 3.3mL. The following methods can also be used to prevent: the use of baby bottles containing 0.25% of ferrous sulfate and 0.1% copper sulfate mixed aqueous solution, the piglets during the feeding of the drip on the sow nipple, or in the pigsty often sprinkle with uncontaminated red Clay for pig arches.
2.4 The milk sucker's grasp of the milk carp is the amount of milk produced during the first month of the sow. You can take the following proven methods:
1 Carry out measures for pre-production reduction of sows and gradual increase of materials after birth. The spring sows began to reduce the material 3 days before the farrowing, reduced to 1/3 of the original feeding amount, stopped feeding on the day of sows, and fed the bran salt water, 0.5kg bran, and a small amount of sows 6 to 8 hours after the farrowing. Salt, add 5kg warm water. The feed was gradually added to the original amount 3 days after birth. In the summer, the sows began to reduce their diets 5 days before delivery, and the postpartum feeding should not be overdone, so as not to induce diseases such as mastitis, puerperal fever, loss of appetite and diarrhea in piglets. Postpartum feeding will reduce appetite and affect sow's lactation performance.
In the first few days of delivery, feeds are seldom fed, feed is given to meet their lactation needs before the peak of lactation, and the amount of feed is reduced several days before weaning. The amount of milk produced by pigs varies depending on the breed, the number of suckling piglets, and the status of piglets. However, the general tendency is that the peak of lactation is 3 to 4 weeks after childbirth. In order to increase feed intake and shorten the fasting time of day and night, from the 4th day after childbirth, from 2 times a day to 3 times, the 8th day to 4 times, 2 times before weaning, raw dry material freely food.
3 The formation of conditional reflexes for sows feeding milk and piglets feeding milk. Use certain signals, such as whistles, ring tones, etc., to establish conditioned reflexes for sow's milk and piglets' milk. Sows who massaged their breasts had a 5.3% increase in weaning weight of piglets compared with unwounded sows. Massage the breast with the palm of your hand before and after massage, massage on the left side, massage the right side. Massage sow breasts with warm and moist cloth also has good results.
4 supplemental drug prolactin. Stir fry malt and motherwort each 50g, each of 40g of Vaccaria, Six Divine Comedy, Damutong, Jingsanling, Du Honghua each 30g, Radix Paeoniae Rubra 20g. 8 kinds of drugs mixed with water, drizzle, 1 day, 2 times filling, even for 2 to 3 days.
5 In the early stage of lactation of sows, feeding with small fish, decoction of shrimp or adding a small amount of fish meal to the feed, or chopping and chopping the placenta and feeding, can increase the milk yield of the sow.
6 During the peak of sow lactation, increase the feed of juicy green, such as pumpkin, carrot, beet, etc., can also be fed thin distillers grains, beet residue and bean curd residue.
2.5 Weaning Piglet weaning is the beginning of independent living of the sow. This is the biggest change in the life of the piglet. If improper feeding and management at this stage, it often causes the piglet to squat and lose weight and even die. In order to ensure the safety of the mother's and piglets' weaning, sows do not have mastitis and must do a "two maintenance and three transitions."
1 "Two maintenance": a maintains its original management. After sows weaning, we must adopt the method of immobilising mothers, that is, sows are rushed to the pig house farther away from the piglets and the piglets are kept in the original circle. Never put sows and piglets in a room or allow them to meet each other, otherwise the sows and piglets will be uneasy, seriously affecting the health and weight gain of the piglets. The lights are extinguished at night so that the piglets rest quietly. b Maintain the original feed. After weaning piglets did not change the original feed types and proportions.
2 "Three transitions": a gradual transition of weaning. Take the five, four, three, two, and one weaning methods. When piglets are weaned, they need to reduce the number of feedings, and at the same time reduce the feed intake of the sows. They check the breast 3 to 4 times a day to squeeze out the remaining milk in the breast and prevent the sows from developing mastitis. On the first day of weaning, breastfeeding was performed 5 times and the mother was cohabiting at night. On the second day of weaning, we breast-feeded 4 times and we lived together at night. On the third day of weaning, breast-feeding was carried out three times and the mother was cohabiting at night. On the fourth day of weaning, breastfeeding was performed twice and the mother was separated at night. Weaning on the 5th to 6th day, breastfeeding once, at night the mother separated. If the sows' udders become hard and swollen and heat, and milk is not squeezed, then the litter of the litter should be put in breastfeeding again, or be covered with a hot damp cloth until the breast becomes soft. b The number of feedings gradually shifted. The number of feedings was not changed in the first month after weaning and the number of feedings was gradually decreased after one month. c feed gradually transition. The piglets did not change the amount of feed during the first half of the weaning. Experienced breeders feed only 80% satiety when the piglet is weaned, especially piglets that eat dilute foods, to prevent overeating, and gradually increase the amount of feed to prevent piglet diarrhea when familiar with the mixed group of piglets.
3 Focus on "three defenses"
3.1 Anti-hungry piglets were improperly reared during breast-feeding and weaning, resulting in loss of luster in individual piglets, rough back hair, poor appetite, large head, small body, impaired growth, and stagnant growth. Folks called this pig a stiff pig. Or old pigs.
1 The reasons for stiff pigs: a. Congenital deficiency, birth weight is too small, acquired malnutrition, a serious lack of protein, vitamins and minerals. b improper sow feeding; insufficient feed, low milk yield. c The piglets suffer from diarrhea, asthma, pneumonia and other diseases during breast-feeding. d Infections of the body and the external parasites, especially aphids, ginger bugs, and other skin diseases affect the normal growth of piglets. Cold and damp inside the e-circle, long-term lack of sunlight or piglets suffering from eczema long-term unhealed. f improper feeding and management before and after weaning, such as overeating, weeding and dampness cause chronic colitis long-term unhealed. g Indiscriminate cross-breeding, causing inbreeding and severely affecting the growth and development of piglets.
2 Prevention and control methods: a. Strengthen the feeding and management of sows during pregnancy and piglet lactation, supply high-quality protein, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients, and promote sow's high milk yield. In places where conditions can be added, trace elements and multi-vitamin additives can be added to prevent the gestating sows from growing too much fat. Otherwise, it is easy to produce piglets with poor vitality and sizes.
The dead pigs that have emerged are fed daily with 25-30 mg oxytetracycline, 100 g fishmeal and a small amount of green material, other trace elements, and vitamin supplements. b Fix the nipples within 1 to 3 days after birth, and fix the piglets with small primary weights on the nipples at the front side to prevent "stuck". c Concentrate stiff pigs that occur during lactation due to improper feeding and management, foster sows with moderate temperament and lots of milk, and then, after one month of feeding, the milk stiff pigs can become well-developed piglets. d When the piglet is weaned, it will promptly deworm and eliminate the skin disease. The method of insect repelling is that the trichlorfon 1.5 g is dissolved once by adding appropriate amount of warm water, or the solution is mixed in a small amount of concentrate to allow the pig to freely feed. Apply skin oil to pigs 2 or 3 times to heal skin problems. If a small amount of trichlorfon powder is added to the waste engine oil, the effect is more obvious. Ivermectin can drive off the parasites inside and outside the body. After weaning, piglets must be reared in groups of sizes and strengths. The stiff pigs should be fed with less feeding, more nutrition and more feeding times to promote stiff pigs to eat more and more, but stiff pigs suffering from infectious diseases should take decisive measures and be eliminated. f Prevent inbreeding, promote economic cross-breeding, and introduce lean-type boars that are not related to pigs in the area to be mated. If there is a large number of black pigs in the area, then the Duroc breed of Landrace or Red-haired pigs will be introduced. If white pigs are predominant in this area, white-haired pigs such as Hampshire or Duroc boars are introduced. g Timely elimination of low-producing sows with low lactation and prone to white diarrhea. h Keep the pig house warm and dry.
3.2 Prevention of diarrhea in diarrhea piglets is a disease that is very widespread and dangerous, and if it is not controlled in time, it will seriously affect the quality and value of piglets bred.
1 Causes of diarrhea: The diarrhea caused by breast milk occurs in piglets 2 to 3 or 7 days old. Large maternal lactic acid, high dietary fat content in sows, insufficient calcium in breast milk, or mastitis, puerperal fever, and high fever in sows are the major causes of piglet diarrhea. The excrement of feces discharged from the piglet is grayish, and it is sometimes lead-soft.
2Prevention: Change the feed type of pregnant sows, that is, change the diet from concentrate to green, and reasonably match other feeds to prevent pregnant sows from becoming fat; Conscientiously implement prenatal reduction, postpartum gradually increase feed Measures: Reduce feeds with high fat content and increase juicy green feeds so that the sow's diet balances and guarantees calcium supply. Sows have the highest amount of milk after 14 to 21 days postpartum. Piglets are not easily digested after eating, and they often develop diarrhea, especially in summer and autumn. The reason is: the sow diet contains high fat, high protein feed, piglets eat too much, piglets eat rancid rancid feed remaining in the pig's trough, drinking water, cold and damp inside the house, sow sick, Piglets suffer from parasitic diseases. Piglet feces are grayish and stinky, sometimes yellow-white or yellow-green.
3.3 Prevention of injections and hygiene.
After feeding, piglets were injected with 0.1% sodium selenite vitamin E 0.5 mL per day on the day of their birth. After injection, 1 mL of blood serum was injected for 3 days after birth. In addition, 0.1% sodium selenite vitamins were injected after 8, 35, and 60-64 days of age. E1mL. 20 to 21 days old pigs were exempted from the dagger, 60 days old swine fever were exempted, and 61 to 65 days old were injected with erysipelas and pneumococcal vaccine. Sows were injected with swine fever vaccine and pseudorabies vaccine before mating. Injections of K88 and K99 were used to prevent piglets from occurring before 213 days before birth: yellow and white fleas, 0.1% sodium selenite vitamin E 8 to 10 mL per sow per day before 15 days. The prevention of selenium deficiency in piglets and prevention of diarrhea has a good effect. Pigs, pigs, and ground should be sterilized regularly. The ground is best disinfected with 2% to 4% of caustic soda, and other metal fields can be disinfected with 100 toxins, peracetic acid, and the like. Keep the air in the house fresh, warm and dry, providing a suitable environment for piglets to live longer and live longer.
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