Scientific feeding plays a vital role in ensuring the healthy development of fish while also optimizing feed usage and enhancing the overall efficiency of aquaculture. Properly formulated feeds are tailored to the species of fish, using palatable and nutritionally balanced compound feeds. For example, herbivorous fish typically require feed with 25% to 30% protein, omnivorous fish need 35% to 45%, and carnivorous fish also benefit from a similar range of 35% to 45%. Feeding should be done on a feeding tray, following the "less-more-less" and "slow-fast-slow" principle. This means starting with small, slow portions and gradually increasing the amount as fish become active, then reducing again toward the end of the feeding session.
The feeding rate should also be adjusted according to seasonal changes. In spring, when water temperatures rise above 15°C, the daily feed amount is usually around 1% of the fish’s body weight. During summer, when the temperature reaches about 20°C, the rate increases to approximately 3%. When the water temperature rises above 25–30°C, fish tend to eat more, so the feeding rate can go up to 4%–5%, but it's crucial to maintain high-quality feed and avoid overfeeding, which could harm water quality. In autumn, as temperatures drop slightly but remain stable, the daily feeding rate can stay at 3%–4%. In winter, fish consume less, but if the weather is good and the temperature stays above 8°C, a small amount of feed should still be provided to keep the fish in good condition.
Green feeds such as sudangrass, ryegrass, and goosegrass should be harvested promptly to prevent aging of stems and leaves. Clean vegetables like melon leaves and cabbage should be prepared before feeding. Small fish can be fed chopped or beaten green feed mixed with 0.2% salt. For leafy greens like melon or cabbage, they can be cooked and mixed with bran and soda to make them more appealing to fish. Generally, the feeding amount before April is around 10% of the fish's body weight, increasing gradually to 20%–30% in May and June, and reaching 50% between July and September. Fish should be fed for about two hours each time.
For small fish, cake feed should be broken down, soaked, and ground into smaller pieces. Larger fish can be fed with a diluted version of the feed. Cereal grains like corn should be processed and crushed before feeding. Small grains such as barley can be sprouted and fed to fish, as the young sprouts are highly nutritious and easy to digest, helping fish gain weight quickly.
When feeding small fish, the feed should be soaked and softened to make it easier to consume. For larger fish, fermentation is recommended to develop an attractive aroma. Start with small amounts and gradually increase, but never exceed 30% of the total daily feed. Animal-based feeds like cockroaches, fly pupae, and insects can be fed directly or dried and ground into powder to mix with other feeds. Bulk animal feed should be shredded, ground, and combined with a binder to form small pellets.
Manure-based feeds, such as chicken, pig, or cow dung, can be dried and ground into powder and mixed with other feeds. The typical proportion is 40%–50% chicken manure, 30%–50% pig manure, or 50%–70% cow manure. These organic feeds not only reduce waste but also provide valuable nutrients to the fish.
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