1 There is a problem
1.1 Breeding mode
At present, egg breeders in Hebei Province are mainly based on a scale of 2,000 to 5,000. They are scattered, self-contained, and have a low level of organization. The chicken farm is small in size and the chicken house is of a complete type. For economic benefits, farmers usually adopt a cyclical approach, that is, when the last batch of chickens is eliminated, the next batch is just or about to reach the peak of egg production, and the egg production can be guaranteed without affecting the economic income. This practice not only brings great difficulties to the feeding and management of chickens, it is not conducive to cutting off the source of infectious diseases, and brings many inconveniences to the prevention and control of diseases.
In terms of chicken farm construction, according to the requirements of chicken farm construction, the distance between the chicken farm and the residential area is at least 500 meters, and the distance between the chicken farm and the chicken farm is required to be at least 3 kilometers. However, the actual construction of chicken farms as required Not much, some chicken farms are built in villages or villages, and some are specialized in farming villages where each household raises chickens. The distance between chicken farms is less than 10 meters or even closer. Intensive chicken farms, once epidemic diseases, disease prevention difficulties, serious economic losses. The layout of the chicken farm is irrational, there is no partition between different types of chicken houses; the net pollution does not divide the road; the chickens are mixed and the phenomenon is serious; the chicken house is simple, the environmental sanitation is poor, the ventilation effect is not good in winter, and the air environment is poor inside. Summer cooling facilities are poor.
1.2 eggs
1.2.1 Egg safety
Eggs are one of the most important factors in the production of laying hens, and they are also an important and indispensable part of people's lives. Therefore, eggs are becoming more and more popular.
In recent years, more and more reports of veterinary drug residues cause food poisoning and affect the export of livestock and poultry products. Drug residues can not only produce acute and chronic toxicity to poultry directly, but also cause an increase in bacterial resistance. They can also cause harm to human health through the action of the environment and the food chain. For example, in order to promote growth and increase economic efficiency, excessive doses or excessive use of veterinary drugs and other illicit drugs in feed products, such as the addition of “Clenbuterol†and quizol and other banned veterinary drugs in feed, are sold in large quantities to farms or specialized households. The breeding farms or specialized households have indifferent legal concepts and only consider the short-term economic benefits, providing an “underground market†for illegal veterinary drug manufacturers and illegal additives that add banned substances. In order to prevent staged parasitic diseases (such as coccidiosis, tsutsugamushi disease) and white peony, a variety of antibacterial (worm) drugs are used in feeds, including special drugs such as Amprolium, Clopidol, Baccarat. There are also antibiotics such as tetracyclines, furazolidone, etc. Most of them have drug residues. Some farms or specialized households often blindly use large-scale medications or large-dose medications, or they are unknowingly users of illegal products. In addition, some companies have illegally used arsenic, roxarone, and other guanidine preparations to deposit pigments and increase the color of egg yolk and egg skin. The illegal use of "Sudan Red" to enhance egg color is no lack of examples. In addition, the quality of veterinary drug products is not stable, users lack the means of detection, and some drug residue indicators that cannot be judged by the senses are easily overlooked. In addition, for a long time, animal husbandry in China is still dominated by scattered farmers or family small-scale breeding. No fundamental change can be made in a short period of time. Decentralized rearing increased the difficulty in controlling veterinary drug residues and detection and supervision. Due to the low level of breeding and the lack of safety awareness, some livestock and poultry farms (households) ignore the drug withdrawal period and do not sell and classify eggs during the drug distribution period, directly endangering people's health. Published: 2009-09-02 Source: Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Hebei: Wanghong Fang, Huang Ren record, Chen Hui, Hou Yonggang, Wang Fei, Wang Cuiju
The first detection of melamine in eggs last year in Hong Kong has caused a turmoil in the industry and threatened people's health. Toxicological experiments in animals showed that the acute toxicity test was conducted in the manner that melamine was administered to mice by gavage. There was a lot of crystal accumulation in the ureters of the mice that died of gavage, and some of the kidneys of the mice were covered by crystals. Animals were continuously fed with melamine feed and subchronic toxicity tests were performed. Lymphocytic infiltration was observed in the kidneys of the animals and crystals appeared in the lumen of the renal tubules. Serum BUN and creatinine (CRE) gradually increased in biochemical indicators. high. Excessive levels of melamine in food may affect people's health. Through these things, we cannot help but think about how many illicit drugs are used invisible and how many hidden dangers exist in people's health.
1.2.2 egg sales
At present, egg breeding in Hebei Province is mainly based on individual breeding, which accounts for about 70% of the total culture volume. Production is difficult to achieve uniform feeding and management, disease prevention and control, and of course egg sales are also included, mainly in eggs. There is no unified sales channel and brand building lags behind. At present, egg sales are dominated by free-market sales, poor awareness of brand building, and low barriers to entry. There is no quality monitoring method and the quality of eggs cannot be guaranteed. Markets, bazaars, and even the streets can be seen by small businesses selling stalls and selling eggs. People have become accustomed to such forms of consumption. They are unaware of the drawbacks, the location is more mobile, the eggs are not traceable, and there are no quality monitoring methods. There is no guarantee of the interests of consumers.
1.2.3 Deep processing of eggs
In recent years, people's living standards have greatly increased, and they have not satisfied with the requirements for the number of eggs, but have gradually increased the requirements for the quality of eggs. Eggs, as nutrient-rich, affordable animal products, will be the mainstream of future consumption.
In the current market, eggs are mainly consumed by fresh eggs. The deep-processed products have simple processes and fewer types, such as pickled eggs, vacuum-packed cooked eggs, egg yolk powder, protein powder, and egg powder. There are many experimental studies on low-cholesterol eggs, selenium-enriched eggs and other health-care functional eggs, but there are not many functional health-care eggs. Therefore, deep processing of the egg still needs further research and development to produce a new deep-processed egg product that is highly nutritious, safe, convenient, and widely accepted by consumers.
1.3 chicken manure
The development of social sciences, sustainable development, and advocacy of green and environmental protection agriculture. The industry of broiler chickens has stimulated economic growth and satisfied people's consumer demand. The negative impact has also come along with it.
The farming mode in Hebei Province is dominated by small households, and the scale is mostly below 5,000. Since each household has a small scale of cultivation, there is no equipment for chicken dung collection and innocent treatment, so the simplest and most common method is adopted. The method - air dry ground treatment. As a result, problems such as uncontrolled dumping of chicken droppings, pollution of the environment, and spread of diseases have followed.
Due to the densely populated rural areas in Hebei Province and the scarcity of land resources, chicken manure does not have a dedicated chicken dung drying place and can only be conveniently stored near chicken farms. The actual survey of chicken farms in different regions of Hebei Province found that most chicken farms have similar conditions. For example, they are piled on the roads on both sides of the chicken farm and at the gate of chicken farms, which not only pollutes the surrounding environment, but also easily spreads the disease. Chicken manure resources are not only not fully utilized, but also bring hidden dangers. Published: 2009-09-02 Source: Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Hebei: Wanghong Fang, Huang Ren record, Chen Hui, Hou Yonggang, Wang Fei, Wang Cuiju
2 countermeasures
In order to enter a stable stage of development, the layer chicken industry in China must solve the problems in the above aspects and should pay attention to the following aspects in production, management and management.
2.1Investigate resources and make plans
First of all, we must conduct a real investigation on breed resources, feed resources, market demand, traffic conditions, economic levels, epidemic situations, consumption habits, and natural conditions, and establish the number of layer chickens that are in harmony with the environmental resources. , population density and distribution of villages, water meteorological data, disease prevention and control needs, etc., establish the distribution of chicken farms, the appropriate amount of breeding within a unit area, make full use of resources on the premise of ensuring that the resources carrying capacity is not exceeded, both to ensure the rotation of chickens Balance must ensure balanced supply and sales of eggs, and ultimately achieve a macro-control and sustainable development of the layer industry.
2.2 Chicken Farm Site Selection and Design
The basic requirements for site selection are selected in areas with high topography and dryness, easy drainage, sewage discharge, sunny ventilation, good water quality resources, guaranteed power supply, and convenient transportation. Secondly, we must comply with the principle of regional requirements for the prevention of epidemics; feed plants, egg farms, egg sales markets, and chicken dung processing plants have the best transport distances.
According to the climate characteristics of Hebei Province and the principle of zoning design, according to the characteristics of the hot summer in the north and the cold climate in winter, new materials, new energy-saving environmental protection, summer heatstroke prevention, and winter insulation are designed. In the production area, brooding, bred, and production of egg houses are rationally partitioned and the system of all-in, all-out and full-out is adopted to ensure the effect of epidemic prevention.
The site construction requirements must first be convenient for feeding and management, facilitate environmental control, facilitate prevention and control of epidemics, promote energy conservation and environmental protection facilities, set up an overall effluent discharge system, use physical and chemical and biological technologies for wastewater treatment, and implement discharge standards; combine natural conditions and social conditions in the North Environmental characteristics, according to the production process, the dominant wind direction, terrain, landforms and other rational layout of the layout, to ensure the distance of the interval, the net sewage separation, the location of the fecal site; reasonable design of the number of chickens in each district.
In densely populated areas with large amount of farmland, it is difficult to implement unified management because of the small-scale distribution of households. There are many drawbacks in actual production, and the epidemic of infectious diseases in chicken farms may affect the normal production of large-scale layer chickens. Even more serious consequences can be based on the local farmers' economic affordability, regional brooding ability and market digestion capacity, the scale of the unit where the economic efficiency is maximized, and the setting of all functional units and the coordination of production processes under all-in and full-out conditions. In other cases, attempts have been made to establish unit-based intensive chicken farms to attract free-range farmers to enter the area for rearing.
2.3 Improve safe egg production technology
The premise of production of safe egg products is the supply of high-quality feed ingredients, suitable breed standards for laying hens, combined with the latest results of animal nutrition studies to form a full-priced diet formula. Balance various nutritional factors, maximize the digestion and absorption rate of various nutrients, maintain the health of the body, and reduce waste emissions.
Improve the quality of eggs In addition to starting from the nutritive aspects of feed ingredients, it is also possible to screen additives such as probiotics, enzymes, and oligosaccharides, use biotechnology to increase feed utilization, and improve product quality; to screen for high-efficiency, non-residue Chinese herbal preparations and reduce the use of alternative antibiotics. Application provides technical basis for production of anti-egg eggs. Published: 2009-09-02 Source: Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Hebei: Wanghong Fang, Huang Ren record, Chen Hui, Hou Yonggang, Wang Fei, Wang Cuiju
2.4 The establishment of cooperatives for chicken farmers, unified management
Since small-scale chicken farms in Hebei Province are currently dominant, there are still some difficulties in banning chicken farms in a short period of time. These chicken farms can be organized and managed in a unified organization. For example, in a certain area, a cooperative organization for chickens and farmers is set up to provide uniform feeding, uniform feeding, unified feeding and management, and unified prevention of diseases for chicken farmers, thereby minimizing the economic losses of chicken farmers. Eggs establish a unified sales brand. Within the framework of a cooperative chicken farmers, the eggs were purchased in a unified manner and subjected to quality inspection. After passing the inspection, the chickens and farmers cooperative organization unified sales. On the one hand, it has reduced the pressure on chicken farmers' sales. On the other hand, the establishment of an egg brand has made the safety of eggs traceable, which can not only ensure the safety of eggs, but also increase the income of chicken farmers to a certain extent.
The chicken farmer organization plans to provide technical training for employees and improve their professional quality. At present, the operating skills of layer chicken breeding professionals are low, and professional basic knowledge is not solid. In response to these conditions, farmers, breeders, etc. can be organized in stages, local epidemic prevention, etc. to conduct feeding management, disease prevention and control, and medication regulations. The basic operations such as epidemic prevention are trained to improve the overall professional quality of practitioners.
2.5 Establishing a unified chicken manure treatment plant
In the course of aquaculture production, it is unavoidable to produce excreta, sewage and other contaminants. It has been determined that a chicken has about 0.3 kg of dejecta per day and a factory chicken farm with 10 000 chickens produces chicken manure up to 30 tons per day with an annual output of 18,800 tons of chicken manure. Excessive chicken manure, if not treated directly, will cause soil pollution and air pollution, and it may spread disease through feces. The use of chicken manure for direct use as fertilizer, or fermentation into organic fertilizer, or the use of chicken manure to produce biogas, power generation, etc., these measures can not only fully use chicken manure, but also can reduce environmental pollution. Therefore, it is very necessary to establish chicken manure processing plant.
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