Stressed animals are more susceptible to morbidity than normal animals. There are many stress factors in production that can lead to the development of porcine diseases. In hot summer, heat stress can lead to a sharp decline in the production performance of pigs, and even cause death; in autumn and winter, the impact of stress on porcine respiratory diseases is even more serious. Others such as shortage of drinking water, hunger, traffic congestion and invasion of microorganisms can all cause stress. The epidemic prevention and transfer in production can all cause pig stress. Therefore, each time you take any action that will cause stress in your pigs, consider using a method that can reduce stress to complete the job.
Improve indoor ventilation
Most pigs develop pneumonia in bad air conditions. Pigs raised outdoors rarely develop pneumonia, because a large amount of fresh air plays a role. Since the size and feeding density of each pig house are different, the type of air flow required is different. Do a good job of ventilation so that fans and vents can be controlled at will. We must do everything possible to prevent the thief, because the thief is more likely to cause stress. In addition to considering the ventilation of the entire building, the local wind strength must be considered. High-speed local air flow can cause pigs to feel cold and cause stress. The standard is that the wind speed at the level of the pig should not exceed 0.3 meters per second. If the position of the air inlet is improper, the door is not closed, the doors and windows are broken, or there is a hole in the wall and the curtain, and the wind speed will increase, so that the pig will develop respiratory diseases. Even in the hottest weather, wind speed must be controlled.
Control room temperature
Under ideal temperature conditions, pigs feel comfortable at any time. Both heat and cold can cause stress, reduce the immunity of the pig and increase the chance of attack. New weaning pig houses should be guaranteed to be warm enough. If necessary, pigs should be warmed up 24 hours to 49 hours before entering the pig. The demand of pigs for temperature decreases with age, and farmers need to formulate plans or measures for gradual cooling, and they must implement strict regulations.
Doing a good job in humidity regulation
Pigs also have certain requirements on the humidity in the house. Relative humidity below 50% is too dry and 75% is too wet. If the humidity in the house is too low, pigs can easily cause respiratory diseases. The thermal conductivity of moist air is 10 times that of dry air. If the humidity in the house is too high in winter, the amount of heat emitted by the pig will increase, making the pigs more cold. If the humidity in the summer is too high, the pig will breathe when breathing. The moisture that is dispersed into the air is limited; the pig body is contaminated, the bacteria multiply, and it is easy to cause various diseases, increase pig-raising costs, and reduce pig-raising efficiency. In the production, it is possible to reduce the humidity in the house by means of enhanced ventilation and the placement of quicklime blocks in the room.
Reasonable breeding density
Whether the breeding density is reasonable is not only related to the pig's development status, but also has a close relationship with the pig's pneumonia; the density varies according to the climate, the summer should be as small as possible, and the winter can be slightly larger, but there should be a total area in each shed. 2/3 dry ground is used for lying and resting pigs. Whether on the concrete floor or bare ground, the sleeping area must be kept clean, dry and comfortable, thereby reducing the pig's stress. It is critical to reduce the rearing density of weaned pigs. Relevant experts recommend the following stocking densities: weaned pigs: 3 heads per square meter, growing/finishing pigs: >0.75 square meters per head.
Can not ignore drinking water disinfection
Drinking water disinfection can reduce the stress caused by pathogens in pigs, reduce the incidence of pigs, and improve the health of pigs. It is best to use groundwater or water that does not contain harmful substances and microorganisms, and at the same time pay attention to the supply of clean drinking water at all times to meet the needs of pigs.
The right amount of carbohydrates and fats
Pig feed intake decreased at high temperatures, resulting in insufficient energy supply. In order to relieve the pigs from the effects of high temperature environment, pigs should generally be given higher nutrient-concentration diets in the hot season to compensate for the lack of energy intake due to high temperatures. Sichuan Agricultural University studies showed that the suitable energy concentrations for pigs 15 kg-30 kg, 30 kg-60 kg, and 60 kg-90 kg were 14.49 MJ/kg, 14.62 MJ/kg, and 15.46 MJ, respectively, at an average temperature of 31°C. /kg, suitable energy to protein ratio is 80 MJ/kg, 91 MJ/kg and 108 MJ/kg. Under hot climate conditions, the metabolism of carbohydrates is strengthened, and the calorific value is significantly increased. The body heat is greater than fat, which accounts for 10% to 15% and 5% to 10% of metabolizable energy. Therefore, the carbohydrate content in feed must be appropriately reduced. Add 2% vegetable oil to the growing pig diet, and reduce the carbohydrate content accordingly, which can reduce body heat and reduce the pig's heat load.
Reasonable protein and amino acids
In the hot environment, nitrogen consumption in pigs is more than supplementation, especially in heat stress. The study found that high temperatures increase the nitrogen content of urea in pigs, indicating that the protein catabolism is enhanced at high temperatures. Under high temperature conditions, the decrease in feed intake results in a decrease in the absolute amount of protein intake, and there is evidence that the protein requirement increases during heat stress; in feed and various nutrients, although the body heat of protein is large, It accounts for 30% of metabolizable energy, but as long as the high protein diet meets the physiological needs of pigs, body heat gain is not increased but decreased; at a high daily temperature of 30.7°C, the energy of growing pigs increases by 3.23% and protein increases. At 2 percentage points, with the same daily feed intake, the daily gain increased by 8.03% and the feed-to-meat ratio decreased by 7.69%. It has also been reported that balancing amino acids and reducing crude protein intake are important measures for alleviating heat stress in pigs. It has been reported that feeding synthetic Lys instead of natural protein is beneficial to pigs because Lys reduces the heat gain of the diet. Under the hot climate conditions, if the ideal protein is based on the increase of Lys content in the diet, the feed conversion rate can be improved. There is no significant difference in pig performance and carcass quality compared with conventional diets.
Pay attention to the amount of vitamins added
The high temperature environment causes some vitamins in the feed to oxidatively degrade and reduce its bioavailability. Under normal circumstances, the vitamins synthesized in the pigs decrease. However, in order to adapt to the high temperature stress, the pigs need more vitamins, so they must pass feed or drinking water. Vitamin supplements to ensure the body's special needs. Researchers in Taiwan and the United States have suggested that in hot weather, increasing the amount of boar VC feeding will help reduce the impact of heat stress on sperm quality and fertility. Addition of VC1 g/kg in the finishing pig feed has a certain degree of heat stress resistance, and the production performance is close to the temperature suitable for the control group. In the summer weaned pig diets were added VC 100 mg / kg, 200 mg / kg and 300 mg / kg, respectively, daily gain increased by 83 grams, 125 grams (P> 0.05) and 56 grams, respectively, 8.57 increase in feed intake %, 18.10% and 2.86%, feed conversion rate increased by 10.49%, 10.49% and 9.74%, respectively. VE can regulate substance metabolism in pigs, enhance immune function, and increase anti-stress ability. Adding VE200IU/kg to the feed can effectively relieve the heat stress of the finishing pigs, reduce the body temperature and the number of breaths of the pigs during heat stress, and can effectively improve the production performance of finishing pigs. When the temperature exceeds 34°C, heat-stress resistant additives such as VC, VE, biotin, and choline may be used as appropriate.
Can not ignore the use of trace elements
Studies have shown that chromium content in common diets does not meet the needs of animal stress conditions. Chromium supplementation plays a role in fighting stress, improving production performance, regulating endocrine function, influencing immune response and improving carcass quality. Supplementation of 300 μg/kg chromium (pyridine carboxylic acid chromium) to pig diets in high temperature conditions, with no significant effect on daily gain, daily feed intake, and feed conversion rate during the first two weeks; supplementation of chromium in the last two weeks The daily feed intake of pigs increased by 10.2%, the daily weight gain was 38.1%, and the feed weight ratio decreased by 20.5%. At the same time, the chromium metabolism was improved and the levels of cortisol and urea nitrogen in plasma were adjusted; 150 birds weighing 50kg each were Xinjia. The basal diets of hybrid pigs were supplemented with chromium 0 μg/kg, 150 μg/kg, 300 μg/kg, 450 μg/kg and 600 μg/kg chromium (pyridine carboxylate), and the temperature was between 25°C and 37°C, relative humidity. Between 85% and 100%, it was found that adding 300 μg Cr/kg was the best, increasing the daily weight gain by 9.3%, reducing the feed ratio by 3.9%, and the production-to-investment ratio was 6.5:1.
Suitable anti-stress drugs
When heat stress increases the pig's body heat, in order to reduce unnecessary muscle activity and heat production, sedative drugs can be used to suppress central nervous system and body activities, which can reduce the impact of heat stress. Adding Amber 200 mg/kg (with sedative and anti-stress action) in the diet of heat-stressed finishing pigs can improve the performance and immune function of finishing pigs during heat stress and has a certain anti-stress effect. Adding taurine 400 mg/kg to the basal diet of pigs under heat stress finishing pigs is beneficial for improving the feed intake of finishing pigs during heat stress, but it does not improve weight gain and feed utilization; it can reduce the number of breaths and cortisol Level, improve immunity.
2. Use high-quality polypropylene plastic bags with a thickness of 0.05 mm or more and a size of 15 cm or 30 cm or 17 cm or 30 cm, which are uniform in thickness and no leakage, and have high toughness, as cultivation containers, and can also be cultivated using cans or plastic pots.
3, for the prevention and control of pollution losses, can choose to use nutrients, anti-pollution, and contribute to the effectiveness of one of the special anti-fouling agent for Cordyceps, such as special effects of edible fungi antifouling agent. If it is an export product, it should not be added.
Fourth, cultivation management 1, medium formula: rice or 1 kg of wheat, Cordyceps special anti-fouling agent 35 grams, 1.5 kg of water.
2, preparation methods: rice or wheat 50 grams per bag or 100 grams into plastic bags. Pour 1.5 liters of hot water at 50°C into a clean pot. Place the special antifouling agent for Cordyceps into hot water and stir until it is completely dissolved. According to the ratio of material to water (ie the ratio of rice or wheat and the amount of nutrient solution) 1g: 1.5ml Weigh the nutrient solution into a plastic bag filled with rice. After packing, use a plastic rope to tie each of the middle of the plastic bag and the mouth.
3. Sterilization: Add a suitable amount of water to the sterilizer and place the culture bag in an autoclave, raise the temperature to 100°C, and maintain for 1 hour. Remove, cool, and move into the inoculation room. Close the disinfection for 30 minutes with a high-quality aerosol disinfectant or conventional method, then wear the disinfectant clothes to inoculate the inoculation room.
4. Inoculation: Enter the inoculation room and quickly close the door (to prevent the air containing bacteria from entering). Inoculation tools, bacteria wall, operators hands, etc., wipe with 75% alcohol or dip and disinfect. Here is an easy-to-promote method for inoculation of solid rice strains:
1 Transfer and expansion culture of test tube original species: After removing the test tube plug, dip 2-3 pieces of bean size bacteria with a sterilized inoculum hook and put it on the surface of the culture medium. Tightly close the bag mouth.
2 When the original species is used to transfer and expand the cultivation bag, the bacteria species are first pounded into fingers or the size of the beans, and 5-10 g of bacteria are inserted in each bag and evenly distributed on the material surface. If conditions permit, the amount of inoculum can be appropriately increased to facilitate the growth of mycelium. After the inoculation, press the original zigzag method to tightly close the bag mouth and move it into the culturing chamber for sterilization and pest control.
3 In the case of inoculation of liquid strains, open the sealing material under aseptic conditions and spray the liquid with a vaccination gun. The amount of inoculation depends on the size of the container, and there is also the addition of a certain proportion of sterile water to the liquid strain for re-inoculation.
5. Management: As already mentioned above, Cordyceps is a kind of mesophile fungus, the mycelium growth temperature range is 5-30°C, the optimum growth temperature of hypha is 15-25°C, and the optimum growth temperature of the sub-seat is 18-22. °C. Generally, the temperature is maintained at 15-18°C and shade culture is performed. When the mycelium grows to 1/2-2/3 of the medium, the temperature can be raised to 20°C, and the hyphae can be full of bags (liquid strains for about 1 week) in 20 days. A few days later, when hyphae appeared on the upper part of the culture medium, a temperature difference stimulus of 10-15°C was given, and light stimulation was added to change the color. After 7-10 days of transfer, sterilize the culturing chamber for 30 minutes, then remove the tying ropes in the middle of the culture bag, and fold the bag into a straight tube by hand to provide space for the growth of the pedestal. When the child seat grows to 1 centimeter, the cultivation bag is ventilated in time; in the bottle or plastic pot cultivation, small holes can be vented on the sealing film. The temperature is maintained at 18-22°C and the relative air humidity is 80-90%.
6. Harvesting: When the sub-seat is orange or orange and the rod shape no longer grows, open the bag mouth and use a knife or scissors to pick it from the base, put it into the clean appliance and dry it in time or dry it. Do not expose it to avoid fading. Store it in a closed plastic bag or sell it after drying.
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