Symptoms High temperature chilling injury is the period during which sorghum develops, encounters low temperatures, causes a decline in physiological activity, delays growth and development, or blocks the growth of sexual cells, thereby reducing yield. The sorghum cold injury was divided into three types: delay type, obstacle type, and mixed type. The sorghum producing areas in northern China mainly show the delayed type: they suffer from low temperature during the vegetative or reproductive growth period, their living activity is obviously weakened, their growth and development are significantly delayed, their earing maturation is delayed, and they cannot fully grouting before the frost production. Sharply reduced, and the quality deteriorated, the grain is not full, the number of shelled kernels increases, and the protein content is low. Obstacles: mainly from reproductive organs to heading and flowering, suffering short-term abnormal hypothermia, impeding the normal development of fertility cells and fertilization, resulting in infertility or partial infertility. This type only occurs in local areas in individual years.
Hybrid chilling: It is a kind of chilling injury that both delay type and obstacle type have. Simultaneously, China is rare.
The etiology of sorghum sown to the jointing stage, the minimum temperature of sorghum seed germination is 7-8 °C, the emergence temperature of 12-14 °C. Sudden low temperatures occurred during this period, often causing powder or weak seedlings. As for the number of days of sorghum emergence, it often decreases as the temperature increases at the time of sowing. Low temperature during seedling delays maturity. From jointing to heading, there will generally be no cold damage. After sorghum blossoms, the vegetative growth ceases and enters the reproductive period, where higher temperatures and sufficient lighting conditions are still required. Years of production practice have demonstrated that the height of 1000-grain weight is positively correlated with the temperature and the duration. Temperature on the production has a greater impact on the early and late fertility, especially in the later period of fertility.
The three provinces in northeastern China and the highland cultivation area in Inner Mongolia have short frost-free periods and low annual average temperatures. The annual temperature and frost period vary greatly. Generally, a low-temperature year occurs every 4-5 years, often resulting in lower yields due to cold damage. Heilongjiang is the heaviest in terms of victimization, followed by Jilin, Liaoning, and Inner Mongolia, Hebei, and northern Shanxi. Some years also occur. It is determined that the accumulated product temperature of >10°C in production is lower than 2400°C as the low temperature year, and less than 2250°C is the severe low temperature year. 2401-2550°C is the average year indicator, and above 2550°C is the abundance index. The incidence of low-temperature cold injury has a slight regularity, which usually occurs once in 2-4 years and once in 3.5 years in an average of 20 years. Low temperature can be roughly divided into four types: First, low temperature type. The second is the type of low temperature drought early frost. The third type is low temperature and rainy weather. The fourth is the early drought type. Among them, the type of victims suffering from low-temperature drought and early frost is the heaviest. For sorghum, it is delayed-chill injury. Temperature or heat is the main factor affecting the growth and development of sorghum. The higher the accumulated temperature >10°C and the longer the duration, the better the growth and development of sorghum, and the corresponding increase in the yield.
Prevention methods Prevent late-type low-temperature chilling injury measures: (1) Use early-maturing, high-yielding and good-quality seeds. (2) Using plastic film covering cultivation techniques. (3) timely sowing, prompting the sorghum seedlings unearthed in time. (4) Advocate the use of fermented compost to compost and increase organic fertilizer. Sorghum has a high requirement for fertilizers. Applying organic fertilizers and quick-acting phosphate fertilizers will not only produce high yields, but also promote early maturation, especially for phosphate fertilizers. (5) Strengthen field management, timely sparse seedlings and seedlings after emergence, eradicate weeds, and deepen the farmland. In particular, low-lying land and low ground temperature can be used for ridge cultivation in Taitian and increase ground temperature. After the rain, the water in the field was promptly eliminated to promote growth and development. (6) See corn chilling injury for other methods.
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