Hawthorn [Macrocarpium officinale (Sieb.etZucc.) Nakai], alias medicine dates, Poria, dates. Hawthorn is a branch of plants. Mainly produced in Zhejiang. Distributed in Anhui, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong, Sichuan and other provinces. There are more concentrated distributions in the Funiu Mountain area, Tianri Mountain area and the Qinling Mountains. The vertical distribution range is from 250 to 1300 meters, but the best growth is between 600 and 900 meters above sea level. The flesh contains 16 kinds of amino acids, in addition, contains a large number of essential elements of the human body. In addition, it contains saponin raw sugar, polysaccharides, malic acid, tartaric acid, phenols, resins, tannins, and vitamins A and C. Its taste is sour, with nourishing, stomach, diuretic, liver and kidney, Qi and blood and other effects. Indications of high blood pressure, waist and knee pain, dizziness, tinnitus, nocturnal emission, menorrhagia and other embolism.
(I) Introduction of plant characteristics and varieties
1. The plant is characterized by deciduous trees or small trees. The height of the trees is 3 to 10 meters. The leaves are dark green, single leaves opposite, oval or elliptic, leaf length 4 to 12 cm, leaf width 2 to 6 cm, tip acuminate, The base is wedge shaped, leaves are sparsely hairy, and the back is hairy. The lateral veins 6-8 pairs of flowers are bisexual flowers, yellow umbels, each inflorescence consisting of 20-30 flowerlets, umbelliferous, axillary, first leaves open, yellow flowers. Drupe oval, dark red when cooked.
2. Variety introductions are Hawthorn and Chuanshan. Medicinal cultivation is mainly hawthorn. Although there are no varieties at present, surveys have shown that there are significant variations in intra-specific economic traits and it is easy to breed new varieties.
(b) Biological characteristics
1. The growth requires fertile soil, deep soil, and well-drained loam and sandy soil. Hawthorn is safe for winter in Beijing, and trees can safely pass winter in Jinzhong and Jinnan areas.
2. Environmental conditions
(1) The climate suitable for the average annual temperature of 8 ~ 17.5 °C, with strong cold resistance, can withstand short-term -18 °C low temperature, annual rainfall of 600 to 1500 mm in the area.
(2) The topography is mostly distributed on the shady slopes, semi-shade slopes and sunny slopes in the valleys and lower mountains. There are more cultivations on low mountains with 250-800 meters above sea level.
(III) Cultivation Technology
1. The site selection site will be well-drained, fertile sandy loam or loam land. A pH below 4.5 results in poor growth. At present, the best soil for the growth of hawthorn in each producing area is the black leaching limestone developed by limestone and the red and yellow soils developed in granite. Fertilizer 60,000 to 75,000 kilograms per hectare, deep plowing, fine leveling, making a 10 meter wide plow ready for sowing.
2. Breeding method
(1) Sexual reproduction
1 Seed-picking When the fruit is ripe in autumn, choose a large fruit, remove the pulp and wash it. Because the seed skin is thick and hard, germination is required before sowing.
2 Seed treatment Place the seeds in 1%-2% lye, handcuffed for 3 to 5 minutes, then add hot water and stir until the water is immersed. Cool for a while, then simmer for 3 to 5 minutes, then use cold water for 24 hours, then remove the seeds and put them on the cement for 8 hours. Repeatedly for 3 days, 90% of the shells will be cracked, ie wet sand and Seeds are mixed 4:1 after sanding.
3 Sowing seedlings Before and after the vernal equinox, sow seeds that have germinated and germinate. Sow a shallow ditch with a depth of 5 centimeters on a row of 25 centimeters before planting. Spread the seeds evenly into the trenches and cover the soil for 3 to 4 centimeters. Soil moisture, 40 to 50 days can emerge. 15 hectares need seeds 750-1050 kg. Seedlings grow 2 true leaves when the thinning, seedling distance 7 cm, in addition to weeds, cultivators in early June, watering before winter, and to the roots of seedlings soil, in order to safely winter.
4 Transplanting The spring of the second year in the spring can be transplanted with a height of 60 cm. It is best to transplant before tip. It is suitable to plant 450 to 750 plants per hectare and about 300 plants per hectare for plots of intercropping plants. After the planting, timely maintenance and management, the requirements for water, fertilizer, light, gas and heat are important measures to ensure high yield and stable production.
(2) Asexual reproduction Plants that reproduce vegetatively can be established as early as 6-8 years, maintaining the characteristics of a good mother tree. Large fruit selection, fruit, flesh thickness, high rate of skin as a parent strain. In areas with low temperature, attention should be paid to the selection of single plants in late flowers, so that the flowering season avoids low-temperature and rainy weather. 1 Bead propagation After the fruit is harvested in the fall or before the earth thawing buds are sprouting, the branches that are nearly two or three years old will be bent to the ground, and the 1/3 of the branches will be cut into the soil where the rot will be applied to the rot and the soil, covered with 15 cm of sandy loam, and the branches The tip exposed the ground. Diligently watering, the pressure layer will be the second year of the winter or the third year of spring will be long-rooted pressure soil split open, cut off part of the connection with the mother plant, the rooted seedlings will be another colonization.
2 Cutting propagation In mid- and late May, the branches of excellent plants are cut into 15 to 20 cm, and 2 to 4 leaves are kept at the top of the branches, and the seedlings are mixed with humus and fine sand. The spacing between the rows is 20 cm and 8 cm. , 12 to 16 cm in depth, 12 to 16 cm in soil, compacted. Fill enough water, cover agricultural film, keep temperature 26 to 30 °C, relative humidity 60% to 80%, put shade on the top, transparency 25%, in mid-June to 10% transmittance to avoid strong light. Remove the shade shed before winter, pouring enough water. The following year, weeding and weeding should be carried out to strengthen water and fertilizer management, and planting should be started in early autumn or early winter or early next spring.
3. Field management
(1) Seedling management Soil should be kept moist before emergence. Remove weeds after emergence. When the seedling height is 15 cm, the grass can be hoeed and topdressed once. If the seedlings are too dense, seedlings can be grown when the seedling height is 12-15 cm. Seedling soil loosening fertilization 2 or 3 times. When the seedlings did not reach the height of planting, they poured 1 frozen water before winter, covered with weeds or cow horse dung, in order to facilitate the insulation and moisturizing safety of winter.
(2) Management after planting
1 Irrigation should have 3 major irrigations a year. For the first time before sprouting and flowering on the Spring Festival, the second time during the summer fruit filling period and the third before the winter.
2 weeding and fertilization Weeding and weeding every year 4 to 5 times. During the spring and autumn, each topdressing fertilizer was applied once, and 10 to more than 10 years old trees each applied 5 to 10 kg of excrement. During the top-dressing period, the young fruit in the middle of April had the best effect. Shenghua and dressing during fruit setting, spray 0.1% boron solution is also better.
3 pruning saplings 1 meter high, in February hit the top tip, promoting lateral branch growth. During the sapling period, branches of tree-based clumps are cut off in early spring each year to promote trunk growth. Trimming is based on light shearing, which promotes the rapid transformation of vegetative shoots into fruiting branches. Cut fine and dense branches and leggy branches from the base to facilitate ventilation and improve the seed setting rate. For the auxiliary branches on the inside of the main branch, ring peeling, topping, and twisting should be performed in June to weaken the growth potential, promote early results, and produce early yields. Saplings are cultivated once or twice a year, and adult trees can be cultivated once every two to three years. If roots are exposed, they should be rooted in time.
4. Pests and Diseases and Their Control
(1) There are 7 kinds of diseases, of which serious ones are:
1 Colletotrichum sp. (Colletotrichum sp.) occurs in early June and the disease mainly affects the fruit. The incidence of anthracnose is related to the amount of rainfall, and the infection rate is high when the rainfall from May to September is large. In addition, it increased with the increase of fruit maturity, and it entered the peak period from September to October. The disease is sprayed with 1:2:200 Bordeaux mixture and 500 times liquid 50% antibacterial WP or 800 times liquid 40% carbendazim suspension, and sprayed 3 to 6 times, each time at intervals of 10 to 15 days; before the tree was germinated once 5 Baume degree of lime sulfur agent, have control effect.
2 Hawthorn leaf spot The disease mainly damages leaves. Appeared in early May, July-August is the epidemic period. Spraying 1:2:200 Bordeaux protection solution from the end of April to the beginning of May, once a half month, for 3 to 5 times in a row; or spraying 50% Tuzet WP 800 to 1000 times, 10 days to spray 1 Secondly, three times in a row, 1500-3000 grams of medication per hectare has obvious effects on preventing early deciduous leaves.
3 Gray plaster disease The disease mainly damages branches. Caused by harm by scale insects, in the winter and spring, before branch germination, scrape the diseased branches, and then apply 5 Baume degree of lime sulfur agent; scale insects during the occurrence of the spraying period of 40% omethoate EC 1000 to 200 times liquid Prevention and control to reduce the occurrence of diseases.
(2) Insect pests mainly include hawthorn fruit moths and cockroaches moths.
1 Hawthorn fruit moth The pests eat fruit flesh. One generation occurred in one year. The mature larvae lived in the soil under the trees and overwintered, and in the following year from July to August, the larvae were planted. The pupa period was 10 to 14 days, the end of July and the mid-August was the peak of phlegm. From September to October, the larvae attacked the fruit and began to enter the soil in winter in November. Prevention and control should eliminate insects and insects, in order to reduce the larvae into the soil. In combination with cultivator, 4% DM powder was applied. In the middle and late May, 20% of bactericide was sprayed on 2 consecutive occasions, 2.5% of 2.5% hydrogen bromide EC was sprayed, or 90% of insecticidal WP was sprayed. 1000 times liquid, or spray 40% dimethoate EC 1000 times to reduce insects, eliminating insect sources.
2 Codling moths This pest has significant damage to the young hawthorn trees below 20 years old. From July to August, it was at its height. In the young stage of larvae, 90% of the trichlorfon original drug 1500-2000 times solution or 50% dichlorvos oil agent 1000 times solution was good.
(4) The fruit ripening time for harvesting is October. After harvesting, go to the core and dry the skin in time, preferably purple.
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