Most apple-producing areas in my country have the problem of uneven annual precipitation in spring, drought, and autumn floods. How to make full use of autumn precipitation for fruit trees in spring, while avoiding excessive precipitation from adversely affecting fruit trees is particularly important. The following aspects should be paid attention to in autumn orchard water management.
Covering orchards in arid areas is undoubtedly a good idea to save the precious rainwater in autumn for the fruit trees to use in the spring when they are dry, so autumn is an excellent time to cover the soil.
Covering grass prevents the erosion of the soil by heavy rain and reduces surface runoff. Improve soil penetration and rainwater retention capacity. After mulching grass, the evaporation can be reduced by more than 60%, and the soil moisture can be increased by about 5%, so as to achieve "autumn rain and spring use, less rain and more use". Especially for hilly areas, the annual evaporation and runoff can be reduced by 400-500 mm by covering the orchard with grass, so that the soil moisture content of the root distribution layer of the fruit tree can be stabilized at more than 15% all year round. Mulching can also prevent the growth of weeds and reduce the loss of fruit drop. The commonly used materials for mulching are crop straw and mulching film.
The specific method is to apply nitrogen fertilizer to the orchard without top dressing after the rain has passed, and then apply nitrogen fertilizer to the plant before mulching, and then crush corn, wheat stalks, etc. (for mulching and rot, or directly mulching) at a distance of 0.5 meters from the trunk. Pave the ground between the rows of the orchard and under the tree trays. The tree trays should cover the place where the roots are distributed (the outer edge of the canopy), with a thickness of 15-20 cm.
Adult orchards should cover the whole garden with grass, and young orchards should be covered with grass (tree trays). For partial mulching, use 2000-3000 jin of hay or 4000-6000 jin of fresh grass per acre, and 5000-8000 jin for the whole garden. Don't turn the mulch into the ground when applying basal fertilizer in autumn. When topdressing the fruit trees, you can peel off the mulch and apply more points. After 3 to 4 years of continuous mulching, plough and turn once, apply enough base fertilizer, and recover again the following year.
Film mulching in autumn is catching up with the third growth peak of fruit tree roots. At this time, mulching has the most significant effect of delaying the drop in ground temperature, resisting drought and moisturizing, prolonging the active period of root growth, and significantly increasing the number of new roots of fruit trees. It can improve the effect of basal fertilizer application in autumn, promote microbial activity, increase effective nutrients in the soil, and facilitate the accumulation of nutrients in the later period of fruit trees. Film mulching in autumn generally takes advantage of watering or rain after applying base fertilizer from late September to early winter. Film mulching with ditching and ridging can not only protect moisture, but also can drain and prevent waterlogging when there is too much rain in autumn.
Drainage and flood prevention. Excessive rain in autumn can easily cause a large number of fruit trees to fall, resulting in poor nutrient accumulation, low maturity, reduced resistance, and difficulty in forming flower buds. If the orchard has accumulated water for too long, the soil is poorly ventilated, which not only inhibits root respiration and soil microbial activities, but also easily accumulates salt, causing root poisoning and death. Therefore, when the soil moisture content of the orchard reaches the maximum water holding capacity in the field, it should be drained.
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